Males in many species often attempt to mate with strikingly inappropriate partners. Ryan (1985), for example, describes male túngara frogs clasping other males. Some orchids mimic female wasps and are pollinated by amorous male wasps—who have to be fooled twice for the strategy to work. Would a female túngara or a female wasp make the same mistake? Why or why not? (Think of general explanations that are applicable to a wide range of species.)
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