Exercise 14.7 We described variations of the join operation called outer joins in Section 5.6.4. One approach to implementing an outer join operation is to first evaluate the corresponding (inner) join and then add additional tuples padded with null values to the result in accordance with the semantics of the given outer join operator. However, this requires us to compare the result of the inner join with the input relations to determine the additional tuples to be added. The cost of this comparison can be avoided by modifying the join algorithm to add these extra tuples to the result while input tuples are processed during the join. Consider the following join algorithms: block nested loops join, index nested loops join, sort-merge join, and hash join. Describe how you would modify each of these algorithms to compute the following operations on the Sailors and Reserves tables discussed in this chapter:
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