A 0.5-MHz antenna carried by an airplane flying over the ocean surface generates a wave that approaches the water surface in the form of a normally incident plane wave with an electric-field amplitude of 3,000 (V/m). Seawater is characterized by εr = 72, μr = 1, and σ = 4 (S/m). The plane is trying to communicate a message to a submarine submerged at a depth d below the water surface. If the submarine’s receiver requires a minimum signal amplitude of 0.1 (μV/m), what is the maximum depth d to which successful communication is still possible?
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