(Permutation Test for Means) Here is another view on hypothesis testing that we will ill...

(Permutation Test for Means) Here is another view on hypothesis testing that we will illustrate with Example A of Section 11.2.1. We ask whether the measurements produced by methods A and B are identical or exchangeable in the following sense. There are 13 + 8 = 21 measurements in all and there are or about 2 × 10⁵, ways that 8 of these could be assigned to method B. Is the particular assignment we have observed unusual among these in the sense that the means of the two samples are unusually different?

b. In what way is this procedure similar to the Mann-Whitney test?

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