The article “Oxygen Consumption During Fire Suppression: Error of Heart Rate Estimation”...

The article “Oxygen Consumption During Fire Suppression: Error of Heart Rate Estimation” (Ergonomics, 1991: 1469–1474) reported the following data on oxygen consumption (mL/kg/min) for a sample of ten firefighters performing a fire-suppression simulation:

Compute the following:

a. The sample range

b. The sample variance s² from the definition (i.e., by first computing deviations, then squaring them, etc.)

c. The sample standard deviation

d. s² using the shortcut method