The Kα line in copper is a very common one to use in X-ray crystallography. To produce it, electrons are accelerated through a potential difference and smashed into a copper target, Section 7.8 gives the energies in a hydrogenlike atom as Z2(-13.6 eV/n2). Making the reasonable approximation that an n = 1 electron in copper orbits the nucleus and half of its fellow n = 1 electron, being unaffected by the roughly spherical cloud of other electrons around it, estimate the minimum accelerating potential needed to make a hole in copper's K shell.
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