With his paddle-wheel apparatus, Joule determined that 4.2 joules of mechanical work are equivalent to 1 calorie of heat. Imagine that he had mistakenly used a heat engine instead and had measured the heat flowing into the engine and the work done by the engine to determine the conversion factor. Would this have produced a conversion factor for 1 calorie that was greater than, equal to, or less than 4.2 joules? Why?
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