Nucleophilic substitution of the vinylic chloride shown follows an unusual two-step mechanism. The nucleophile adds to the double bond in the first step; chloride ion is expelled in the second.
The measured value of ρ for the overall reaction is reported to be at least +4.5. Which is the most reasonable choice for the rate-determining step based on this information?
A. Step 1
B. Step 2
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