Extrachromosomally inherited traits are widespread among arthropods. In the two-spotted ladybird beetle, Adalia bipunctata, a male-killing trait has been discovered in which certain strains of females display a distorted sex ratio that favors female offspring (Werren, J., et al. 1994.J. Bacterial. 176: 388-394). Unaffected strains show a normal one-to-one sex ratio. Two key observations are that affected strains can be cured by anti-biotics, and that in addition to their normal 18S and 28S rRNA, 16S rDNA can be detected by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis. Of the modes of extranuclear inheritance described in the text (organelle heredity, infectious heredity, and maternal effect), which is most likely to be causing this altered sex ratio in Adalia?
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