(a) North African desert dusts contain particles of calcite and dolomite. Why are these dusts important in counteracting acid rain in the Eastern Mediterranean? Give equations to illustrate your answer.
(b) Crystalline CaC2O4 H2O (log Ksp = —8.6) and CaC2O4-2H2O (log Ksp≈—8.2) accumulate on the surfaces of some lichens. This is thought lo be in response to high levels of calcium ions. Zones of CaC2O4H2O and CaC2O4-2H2O crystals on lichens exposed to SO2 emissions or acid rain are interrupted by growths of gypsum crystals, (i) Why are CaC2O4H2O and CaC2O4-2H2O suited to immobilizing excess Ca2+ ions? (ii) What is the origin of the gypsum crystals on lichens. Include appropriate equations for their formation.
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