Emotional empathy in young adults. Refer to the Journal of Moral Education (June 2010) study of emotional empathy in young adults, Exercise. Recall that psychologists theorize that young female adults show more emotional empathy towards others than do males. To test the theory, each in a sample of 30 female college students responded to the following statement on emotional empathy: “I often have tender, concerned feelings for people less fortunate than me.” Responses (i.e., empathy scores) ranged from 0 to 4, where 0 = “never” and 4 = “always.” Suppose it is known that male college students have a median emotional empathy score of η = 2.8.
a. Specify the null and alternative hypothesis for testing whether female college students have a median emotional empathy scale score higher than 2.8.
b. Suppose that distribution of emotional empathy scores for the 30 female students is as shown in the table. Use this information to compute the test statistic.
c. Find the observed significance level ( p -value) of the test.
d. At α =.01 , what is the appropriate conclusion?
Response (empathy score) | Number of Females |
0 | 1 |
1 | 3 |
2 | 5 |
3 | 12 |
4 | 9 |
Emotional empathy in young adults. According to a theory in psychology, young female adults show more emotional empathy towards others than do males. The Journal of Moral Education (June 2010) tested this theory by examining the attitudes of a sample of 30 female college students. Each student completed the Ethic of Care Interview, which consisted of a series of statements on empathy attitudes. For the statement on emotional empathy (e.g., “I often have tender, concerned feelings for people less fortunate than me”), the sample mean response was 3.28. Assume the population standard deviation for females is .5. [ Note : Empathy scores ranged from 0 to 4, where 0 = “never” and 4 = “always”.] Suppose it is known that male college students have an average emotional empathy score of μ = 3 .
a. Specify the null and alternative hypothesis for testing whether female college students score higher than 3.0 on the emotional empathy scale.
b. Compute the test statistic.
c. Find the observed significance level ( p -value) of the test.
d. At α = .01 , what is the appropriate conclusion?
e. How small of an α -value can you choose and still have sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis?
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