Consider a small black surface of area A = 3.5 cm2 maintained at 600 K. Determine the rate at which radiation energy is emitted by the surface through a ring-shaped opening defined by 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 2π and 40 ≤ θ ≤ 50°, where ϕ is the azimuth angle and U is the angle a radiation beam makes with the normal of the surface.
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