In a review on the effect of oral contraceptives (OCs) on various cancers, Pike and Spicer (2000) stated: “Direct observational studies of breast-cell proliferation in women taking OCs suggest that the total breast-cell proliferation is very similar over an OC cycle and a normal menstrual cycle. These results predict that breast cancer risk should not be substantially affected by OC use, as is observed.” If it is correct that oral contraceptives have no more effect on breast cancer than does a normal menstrual cycle, does it follow that OCs do not affect the risk of breast cancer? [Hint: The risk as compared to what?]
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