The diagram below left shows the energies and electron occupation of the valence orbital...

The diagram below left shows the energies and electron occupation of the valence orbitals of nitrogen using the standard set (2s, 2px, 2py and 2pz).

a. Explain why the potential energies of all four sp3-hybrid orbitals are the same.

b. Construct an explanation for why the energy level line for an sp³-hybrid orbital is placed three-quarters of the way between the line for 2s and the line for each 2p orbital.

c. Complete the diagram below right by adding electrons to the energy diagram of sp³- hybridized N. Be sure to follow Hund’s rule, which says: For orbitals of similar energy, halffill each orbital before filling any one orbital.

d. What second-row element is shown below, and what hybridization state is shown on the right?

e. Are the two unpaired electrons in the hybridized state shown above right a violation of Hund’s rule? Explain why or why not.