Question

should occur as soon as the child can drink from a cup. 5. Why do infants with Cystic Fibrosis sometimes face growth failure and energy and protein malnutrition? 7. What are nutrient considerations for infants with PKU? 3. Why is Vitamin K given and when? 9. What are foods and drinks to avoid giving before the first year? 10. What are special needs of premature infants (Be specific)? Focus

Answer 1

1. It is a recessive genetic trait disorder due to alteration in chloride transport leads to production of abnormal thick secretion in glandular tissue. The lung, bronchiole and pancreatic duct are primarily affected. It causes obstruction in air way.Sweat gland function impaired and chloride deposited on skin surface. Increased resting energy expenditure due to lung infection and inflammation, increased work of breathing and decreased protein synthesis associated with systemic inflammatory response, reduced absorption of nutrients due to pancreatic insufficiency result in maldigestion, malabsorption, inadequate dietary intake etc are the causes of energy and protein malnutrition.Thus growth failure occur.
2. . Phenylketonuria is an inborn error of metabolism of phenylalanine due to deficiency of hepatic enzyme and phenylalanine hydroxylase. So phenylalanine cannot converted to tyrosine and it accumulate in tissue. It is mandatory to maintain normal phenylalanine level 3-7mg/100ml with special diet low in phenylalanine content without excessive restrictions. The foods such as meat, egg, fish, milk, nuts cotain high amount of phenylalanine. The diet should well balanced containing adequate protein, calories, fluids and other nutrients and should be commenced in first week of life. The average requirement of phenylalanine is 60mg/kg/day.
3. Vitamin K is given to newborn immediately after birth to prevent hemorrhagic disease of newborn due to temporary coagulation defects in newborn. Vitamin K deficiency is occur in newborn because infant's intestinal flora insufficiently established to synthesis and supply vitamin. Vitamin K is essential to control bleeding time and clotting time.
4. Cow's milk, high in salt and sugar, tea, coffee, raw meat and fish, honey, hark, marlin, sword fish, undercooked egg and whole nut. Recommended drink breast milking, correctly made formula and water.
5. Special needs if premature infants

• Establishment and maintainance of respiration -needs resuscitation if APGAR score low. Immediate suction needed to prevent aspirations. Prone or left lateral position to prevent regurgitation or aspiration.
• Control body temperature :Due to excessive heat loss due to relatively large surface area and poor generation of heat. Incubator is ideal for maintaining the baby's temperature. Baby should be adequately wrapped in a clean towel.
• Feeding:sick baby require IVF or TPN(total parenteral nutrition )Baby who are unable to suck fed through nasogastric tube.