Question

TufStuff, Inc., sells a wide range of drums, bins, boxes, and other containers that are used in the chemical industry. One of the company’s products is a heavy-duty corrosion-resistant metal drum, called the WVD drum, used to store toxic wastes. Production is constrained by the capacity of an automated welding machine that is used to make precision welds. A total of 2,220 hours of welding time is available annually on the machine. Because each drum requires 0.4 hours of welding machine time, annual production is limited to 5,275 drums. At present, the welding machine is used exclusively to make the WVD drums. The accounting department has provided the following financial data concerning the WVD drums:

WVD Drums

Selling price per drum

$

193.00

Cost per drum:

Direct materials

$52.10

Direct labor ($29 per hour)

5.80

Manufacturing overhead

11.10

Selling and administrative expense

32.00

101.00

Margin per drum

$

92.00

Management believes 7,175 WVD drums could be sold each year if the company had sufficient manufacturing capacity. As an alternative to adding another welding machine, management has considered buying additional drums from an outside supplier. Harcor Industries, Inc., a supplier of quality products, would be able to provide up to 4,275 WVD-type drums per year at a price of $171 per drum, which TufStuff would resell to its customers at its normal selling price after appropriate relabeling.

Megan Flores, TufStuff’s production manager, has suggested the company could make better use of the welding machine by manufacturing bike frames, which would require only 0.5 hours of welding machine time per frame and yet sell for far more than the drums. Megan believes that TufStuff could sell up to 1,820 bike frames per year to bike manufacturers at a price of $294 each. The accounting department has provided the following data concerning the proposed new product:

Bike Frames

Selling price per frame

$

294.00

Cost per frame:

Direct materials

$106.00

Direct labor ($18 per hour)

46.40

Manufacturing overhead

47.00

Selling and administrative expense

56.60

256.00

Margin per frame

$

38.00

The bike frames could be produced with existing equipment and personnel. Manufacturing overhead is allocated to products on the basis of direct labor-hours. Most of the manufacturing overhead consists of fixed common costs such as rent on the factory building, but some of it is variable. The variable manufacturing overhead has been estimated at $1.35 per WVD drum and $1.90 per bike frame. The variable manufacturing overhead cost would not be incurred on drums acquired from the outside supplier.

Selling and administrative expenses are allocated to products on the basis of revenues. Almost all of the selling and administrative expenses are fixed common costs, but it has been estimated that variable selling and administrative expenses amount to $0.75 per WVD drum whether made or purchased and would be $2.40 per bike frame.

All of the company’s employees—direct and indirect—are paid for full 40.00-hour work weeks and the company has a policy of laying off workers only in major recessions.

As soon as your analysis was shown to the top management team at TufStuff, several managers got into an argument concerning how direct labor costs should be treated when making this decision. One manager argued that direct labor is always treated as a variable cost in textbooks and in practice and has always been considered a variable cost at TufStuff. After all, “direct” means you can directly trace the cost to products. “If direct labor is not a variable cost, what is?” Another manager argued just as strenuously that direct labor should be considered a fixed cost at TufStuff. No one had been laid off in over a decade, and for all practical purposes, everyone at the plant is on a monthly salary. Everyone classified as direct labor works a regular 40.00-hour workweek and overtime has not been necessary since the company adopted Lean Production techniques. Whether the welding machine is used to make drums or frames, the total payroll would be exactly the same. There is enough slack, in the form of idle time, to accommodate any increase in total direct labor time that the bike frames would require.

Required:

4. Assuming direct labor is a fixed cost:

a. Determine the number of WVD drums (if any) that should be purchased and the number of WVD drums and/or bike frames (if any) that should be manufactured.

b. What is the increase (decrease) in net operating income that would result from this plan over current operations?

5. Compute the contribution margin per unit for [assume direct labor is a variable cost]

6. Compute the contribution margin per welding hour for [assume direct labor is a variable cost]

7. Assuming direct labor is a variable cost:

a. Determine the number of WVD drums (if any) that should be purchased and the number of WVD drums and/or bike frames (if any) that should be manufactured. [Assume direct labor is a variable cost]

b. What is the increase (decrease) in net operating income that would result from this plan over current operations?

Answer 1

Part 4 A

Bike frames manufactured = 1820

WVD Drums manufactured = 3275

WVD Drums purchased = 3900

Part 4 B

Increase in net operating income = $147095

	Quantity (A)	Unit Contri-bution Margin (B)	Welding Time per Unit (C)	Total Welding Time (AXC)	Balance of Welding Time	Total Contri-bution (AXB)
Total hours available					2220
Bike frames produced	1820	183.70	0.5	910	1310	334334.00
WVD Drums—make	3275	138.80	0.4	1310	0	454570.00
WVD Drums—buy (7175-3275)	3900	21.25				82875.00
Total contribution margin						871779.00
Less: Contribution margin from present operations: 5275 drums × $138.80 CM per drum						732170.00
Increased contribution margin and net operating income						$139609.00

Quantity of WDV drums = (total welding time – welding time for bike framses)/welding time per unit of WDV drums = (2220-910)/0.40 =3275

Assuming direct labor is fixed

		manufactured
	Purchased WVD drums	WVD drums	Bike frames
Selling price	193	193	294
Variable costs:
Direct materials	171	52.10	106.00
Variable manufacturing overhead	0	1.35	1.90
Variable selling and administrative	0.75	0.75	2.40
Total variable cost	171.75	54.20	110.30
Contribution margin	$21.25	$138.80	$183.70

	manufactured
	WVD drums	Bike frames
Contribution margin	$138.80	$183.70
Welding hours per unit	0.4	0.5
Contribution margin per welding hour	$347.00	$367.40

Part 5

		manufactured
	Purchased WVD drums	WVD drums	Bike frames
Selling price	193	193	294
Variable costs:
Direct materials	171	52.10	106.00
Direct labor		5.80	46.40
Variable manufacturing overhead	0	1.35	1.90
Variable selling and administrative	0.75	0.75	2.40
Total variable cost	171.75	60.00	156.70
Contribution margin	21.25	$133.00	$137.30

Part 6

	manufactured
	WVD drums	Bike frames
Contribution margin	$133.00	$137.30
Welding hours per unit	0.4	0.5
Contribution margin per welding hour	$332.50	$274.60

Part 7 A

Bike frames manufactured = 0

WVD Drums manufactured = 5550

WVD Drums purchased = 1625

Part 7 B

Increase in net operating income = $71106

	Quantity (A)	Unit Contri-bution Margin (B)	Welding Time per Unit (C)	Total Welding Time (AXC)	Balance of Welding Time	Total Contri-bution (AXB)
Total hours available					2220
WVD Drums—make	5550	133.00	0.4	2220	0	738150.00
Bike frames produced	0	137.30	0.5	0	0	0.00
WVD Drums—buy (7175-5550)	1625	21.25				34531.25
Total contribution margin						772681.25
Less: Contribution margin from present operations: 5275 drums × $133 CM per drum						701575.00
Increased contribution margin and net operating income						$71106.25