Question

MC 5 | Styles 6 | 1. What are the basic concepts of a quantitative research design? 2. What is the difference between experimental, quasi-experimental, and nonexperimental quantitative studies? 3. How do you know whether a quantitative study is a good one or not? 4. What are the different types of validity in quantitative research? È (Ctr) -

Answer 1

1. Key concepts of quantitative research are :-

Causality: relationship between a cause and its effect Probability: likelihood or chance that an event will occur in a situation Control: ability to manipulate, regulate, or statistically adjust for factors that can affect the dependent variable Manipulation: the ability of researchers to control the independent variable Extraneous variables: factors that interfere with the relationship between the independent and dependent variables; confounding variable; z variable Bias: when extraneous variables influence the relationship between independent and dependent

Randomization: the selection, assignment, or arrangement of elements by chance -Random sampling: technique for selecting elements whereby each has the same chance of being selected -Random assignment: assignment technique in which subjects have equal chance of being in either the treatment or control group Between-groups: Study design where 2 groups of subjects can be compared Within-groups: Comparisons are made about the same subjects @ 2 or more points in time or on 2 or more measures

2. Quasi-experimental research :-

To examine cause-and-effect relationships between selected variables. Often conducted in nursing to examine the effects of nursing interventions on patient outcomes.

Experimental research :-

To examine cause-and-effect relationships between variables under highly controlled conditions. These are often conducted in a laboratory setting.

Non -experimental research :-

There is no cause and effect relationship . There is no randomisation and chances of bias is more in this .

3. We can decide a quantitative study as good or bad by verifying it's characteristics such as explaining phenomenon ,collecting numerical data , mathematically based methods .

4. Types of validity :-

- Face validity

simplest and least scientific definition of validity - it only captures what the measurement looks like at first glance (superficial appearance)

- Concurrent validity

establishes consistency between two different procedures of measuring the same variable

- Predictive validity

the strength of the relationship between two variables (correlation)

- Internal validity

when you can safely say that the changes in X caused the observed changed in Y - manipulation of the IV caused the outcome (ID)

- External validity

results can be used to generalize to other settings/population - usually the effect has to remain in different situations/groups in order to make a generalization

- Divergent

2 different questions reveal the same results.

- Convergent

2 similar questions reveal the same results.