Question

Chapter 12 Study Guide 1. What are the bacterial cell targets of the different antibiotics? 2. Define the following terms: a. Antibiotic resistance b. Antibiotic sensitivity c. Broad-spectrum antibiotic d. Narrow-spectrum antibiotic e. Semisynthetic antibiotic 3. Describe the mechanism of action (target) for the following antibiotics: a. Penicillins (including semisynthetics) b. Cephalosporins c. Quinolones and Fluoroquinolones d. Bacitracin e. Vancomycin f. Carbapenems g. Tetracyclines h. Sulfonamides i. Polymyxin B j. Aminoglycosides k. Macrolides I. Chloramphenicol m. Oxazolidones n. Isoniazid o. Ethambutol p. Rifamycin 4. Define the following terms related to antibiotic resistance and give an example: a. Natural resistance b. Chromosomal resistance c. Extrachromosomal resistance 5. How might antibiotic resistance be prevented? 6. Describe how the following antifungal drugs affect fungal cells: a. Polyenes b. Griseofulvin c. Azoles d. 5-flurocytosine 7. Describe how the following antiviral drugs affect viral replication: a. Nucleoside and nucleotide analogs b. Protease inhibitors c. Interferons d. Synthetic amines

Answer 1

Q.1.

Antibiotics are the chemical compound which are produced by the microorganism and responsible for the killing of microbes in high dilution.

1. Antibiotics are the major medicament in medical for killing of microbes as they have multiple mechanism of action and they have side effect also.

2. Bacterial cell is responsible for the daily life cycle of bacteria i.e. transportation of energy substance.

3. Hence bacterial cell is the first choice of antibiotics to invade.

4. Beta lactam antibiotics invade the enzyme of bacterial cell which is responsible for the peptide chain formation due to which cell die.

5. Some antibiotics target the protein synthesis of bacteria.

6. Some antibiotic target the misreading of mRNA due to which there is fault in protein synthesis. Second they interfere in codon and anticodon function.

7. Chloramphenicol is a broad spectrum antibiotics which is responsible for the blocking of transpeptidation.

8. tRNA is also favourite target of antibiotics by blocking it's transfer from A site to P site.

9. Antibiotics inhibit transcription and replication also.

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