Question

Chapters 7, 8, 9 - Bacterial Growth & Metabolism (some chapter sections will be covered in lab) Prerequisite: Basic catabolic pathways (respiration and fermentation) and anabolic reactions (photosynthesis) BACTERIAL GROWTH AND CONTROL- Some of these topics will be covered in greater detail during lab Environmental Growth Factors 1. Discuss the specific role of quorum sensing in biofilm formation Control of Microbial Growth 2. Describe the methods used to control microbial growth 3. List the types of antibiotics that inhibit (a) cell wall synthesis; (b) protein synthesis; (c) metabolism; (d) replication 4. Distinguish between broad and narrow spectrum antibiotics. 5. Explain intrinsic and extrinsic factors that contribute to antibiotic resistance. 6. Summarize other treatment options available for eukaryotic and viral infections. Chapters 13-16 - Bacterial Genetics, Regulations Prerequisite: Basic genetics terms, structure of DNA/RNA; protein synthesis, using the genetic code 1. Summarize the experiments of Griffith, Avery et al., and Hershey & Chase and their significance to genetics 2. Summarize the events that occur during DNA replication and associated catalytic enzymes 3. Draw and label key regions of a bacterial operon, mRNA, and tRNA 4. Describe events and enzymes in transcription initiation, elongation, and termination; role of sigma and rho 5. Describe the events of and enzymes that enable translation initiation, elongation, and termination 6. Use the genetic code to solve protein synthesis problems 7. Discuss post-translational modifications, compare Sec/Tat translocation and secretion systems in bacteria 8. Compare constitutive, inducible and repressible genes and explain how regulatory decisions are made by cells 9. Explain how negative regulation and positive regulation differ for inducible and repressible genes 10. Summarize how CAP, CAMP, and the loc repressor co-function 11. Compare regulation by attenuation, riboswitches (translational vs. transcriptional), and antisense RNA Mutagenesis & Recombination 1. Know the different mutations that may occur and their effects on the cell 2. Name several chemical and physical mutagens and their effects 3. Give the specific procedure for replica plating and the Ames test and when these would be used 4. Describe transformation in competent cells 5. Explain why CRISPR is called a bacterial "immune system and how CRISPR technology may revolutionize genetics 6. Describe methods of horizontal gene transfer in terms of genetic variability 7. Describe transposons and why they are called "jumping genes" 8. Define transformation, conjugation, transduction 9. Describe several specific methods for DNA repair and the SOS response

Answer 1

1. Quorum sensing is the mode of communication among the bacterial species. The bacteria secrete specific signal molecules to interact with each other and form a niche where they form an environment for themselves. The niche is the biofilm which helps them to protect against harsh outside environment and facilitates the establishment of infection.

2. There can be different methods by which microbial growth can be controlled

i) Chemical methods- By the use of antibiotics (Bacteriostatic or bactericidal) to inhibit the growth inside the system. Outside the system, 70% alcohol can be used to control the growth.

ii) By sterilization procedures like autoclaving, heat, UV radiations can control the bacterial growth.

3. Antibiotics that inhibit

a) cell wall synthesis- Penicillin, cephalosporin.

b) protein synthesis- Kanamycin, Streptomycin (aminoglycosides antibiotics)

c) metabolism- Trimethorpim (inhibits the conversion of Folic acid)

d) replication- ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin.

4. Narrow spectrum antibiotics are those which can affect only a specific group of bacteria based on their specific characteristics. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are those which can affect almost all kind of bacteria as they are targeted towards general characteristics of the bacteria and not specific for a specific kind of bacteria.

According to Chegg, I am not supposed to answer more than 4 questions.