Question

1. To determine the likelihood that a patient with a bacterial infection who is in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a hospital could be successfully treated with antibiotic therapies, researchers investigated the frequency of antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from patients in ICUs in the United States from 1994 to 2000. The data from the study are shown in the table, along with the overall change in the frequency of bacterial resistance in patient samples from 1994 to 2000. INCIDENCE OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN PATIENTS ADMITTED TO ICUS FROM 1994 TO 2000 Antibiotic Percent of All Samples Demonstrating Antibiotic Resistance in 2000 19 Overall Change in Percent Resistance to Antibiotics from 1994 to 2000 +10 +6 22 Ciprofloxacin Gentamicin Ampicillin Imipenem Tazobactam +3 +1 22 (a) A patient was admitted to the ICU in December 2000 with an uncharacterized bacterial infection. Based on the data from the study, identify the following. • The antibiotic that was most likely to be effective for treating the infection • The antibiotic that was least likely to be effective for treating the infection (b) Using the data, provide justification for the claim that antibiotic resistance may arise in bacterial species. (c) Describe THREE different processes by which antibiotic resistance develops in individual bacterial cells. (d) Describe TWO features of natural selection that lead to the spread of antibiotic resistance in a population over many generations. Give ONE reason that the development of antibiotic resistance is an example of evolution. (e) Giving low doses of antibiotics to beef cattle to control the population sizes of intestinal bacteria can result in more efficient uptake of food materials by the cattle. Pose an ethical question that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) should consider when deciding whether to approve this type of antibiotic use in beef cattle.

just D and e

Answer 1

d)Organisms have great ability to reproduce however in the population individuals vary some are resistant to the antibiotic perhaps because they have a altered membrane pump which can pump out the antibiotic or an enzyme which metabolize these mutants which were already present in the population before the antibiotic was applied.These variations now influence which individuals survive and reproduce in this environment Those which are better adopted to survive and reproduce in this specific environment are now those more likely to pass their genes to the next generation.With each passing generation more and more individuals have the gene for antibiotic resistance and thus the population changes over time this is evolution.It was the natural selection which was the mechanism for those organisms which are best suited to survive and reproduce in specific environment.

e)Antibiotic use in the live stock industry has been a controversy for decades.As a result of technological advances in the 1940's these practices have allowed farmers to treat their sick animals and increase world wide food production but many are concerned that the wide spread use in industrial scale farming is contributing to antimicrobial resistance Antimicrobial are used in livestock production.Antibiotics are used when cows get sick or might be used when animals come to feedlot often it's more prudent and better for the animal's welfare to provide antibiotic's ahead of them getting sick.But antimicrobial resistance is a health threat globally.Antibiotics which are used for Prevention and Control ,growth promotion and feed efficiency basically getting animal to slaughter faster needs to be avoided.An abundance of caution the government is choosing to do some regulation in the beef cattle industry to use antibiotic that are licensed and registered for use has braced this hopefully overtime producers can work to try to continue to use these powerful tools antibiotics in a matter that makes beef and meat very efficient wholesome safe.