Question

18 Genetic disorder wie chromosome 21 19. Congenital absence of part or all of the brain 20. Condition in which the spinal column has an abnormal opening that allows protrusion of the meninges and/or the spinal column 21. Group of inherited bleeding disorders characterized by a deficiency of one of the factors necessary for the coagulation of blood REVIEW OF CONCEPTS t the following questions. Write your answer on the line or in the space provided A A. Gynecology 1. Explain Pap test guidelines of the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOGO 2. The position is used for a pelvic examination.

Answer 1

Ans) 19) Anencephaly

Explaination:

- Anencephaly (congenital absence of major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp)157 is the most common prenatally detected NTD. In addition to the absent cerebral hemispheres, fetuses with anencephaly demonstrate abnormal patterns in the hypothalamus and cerebellum.

20) Myelomeningocele

Explaination:

- Myelomeningocele (MMC), also known as meningomyelocele, is the type of spina bifida that often results in the most severe complications and affects the meninges and nerves. In individuals with myelomeningocele, the unfused portion of the spinal column allows the spinal cord to protrude through an opening.

21) Hemophilia A

Explaination:

- Hemophilia A, also called factor VIII (FVIII) deficiency or classic hemophilia, is a genetic disorder caused by missing or defective factor VIII, a clotting protein. Although it is passed down from parents to children, about 1/3 of cases are caused by a spontaneous mutation, a change in a gene.

A) 1) Cervical cancer screening includes the Pap test and, for some women, an HPV test. Both tests use cells taken from the cervix. The screening process is simple and fast. You lie on an exam table and a speculum is used to open the vagina. The speculum gives a clear view of the cervix and upper vagina.

- Cells are removed from the cervix with a brush or other sampling instrument. The cells usually are put into a special liquid and sent to a laboratory for testing:

For a Pap test, the sample is examined to see if abnormal cells are present.
For an HPV test, the sample is tested for the presence of 13–14 of the most common high-risk HPV types.
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How often you should have cervical cancer screening and which tests you should have depend on your age and health history:

- Women aged 21–29 years should have a Pap test alone every 3 years. HPV testing is not recommended.
- Women aged 30–65 years should have a Pap test and an HPV test (co-testing) every 5 years (preferred). It also is acceptable to have a Pap test alone every 3 years.
You should stop having cervical cancer screening after age 65 years if:

- you do not have a history of moderate or severe abnormal cervical cells or cervical cancer, and
- you have had either three negative Pap test results in a row or two negative co-test results in a row within the past
- 10 years, with the most recent test performed within the past 5 years.