Which of the ways to control for confounding occurs at the analysis stage?
Select one:
a. Statistical modelling or matching
b. Stratification or statistical modelling
c. Randomisation, restriction or matching
d. Stratification or restriction
The ways to control for confounding occurs at the analysis stage -
ans-> c. Randomisation, restriction or matching
Which of the ways to control for confounding occurs at the analysis stage? Select one: a....
A study design method to control confounding that involves the selection of study subjects that only fall within one type or stratum is called: a) Multivariate modeling b) Stratification c) Matching d) Restriction
Which method is being used to control for confounding by smoking in each of the studies below? A case-control study of the effect of a new lipid-lowering medication on the incidence of CHD that determines the relative odds (OR) of CHD separately in smokers and non-smokers. Options: Is this restriction, matching, stratified analysis, randomization or mediation? Briefly justify why you chose this option?
Which method is being used to control for confounding by smoking in each of the studies below? A cohort study of the effect of a new lipid-lowering medication on the incidence of CHD that is limited to non-smokers ≥50 years of age. Options: Is this Restriction, matching, stratified analysis, randomization or mediation? Briefly justify why you chose this option?
2. Which of the following statements is TRUE (1 mark)? a) Selection bias can be reduced by increasing sample size. b) Loss to follow-up in a cohort study can bias findings either towards the null (reducing the magnitude of the true association) or the opposite (over-estimating the magnitude of the true association). c) Systematic error can be reduced by taking repeated measurements. d) Non-differential misclassification of exposure or outcome usually biases study findings away from the null (towards finding an...
Which of the following is true regarding bias and/or confounding? A.Blinding is a method to control for the effects of confounding. B.A strategy that will help to reduce selection bias is enrollment of all cases in a defined time and region. C.Bias occurs when a separate risk factor is associated with both the outcome variable and one of the other predictor variables. D.Confounding could be caused by a separate risk factor that is associated with both the outcome variable and...
Question 7 Holding other factors constant, the statistical power used in a study is directly related to which of the following Selected Answers: Answers: [None Given) sample size B. blinding c confounding D.randomization Question 8 Which of the following could be used to control for confounding in a case-control study? Selected Answers: Matching cases and controls on the exposure of interest Matching cases and controls on the exposure of interest Answers: B. Calculating the relative risk after adjusting for all...
Which of the following is a true statement? Select one: A. In the maturity stage, firms often pay significant cash dividends. B. In the development stage, firms usually pay little or no cash dividends. C. When a firm is in its early growth stage, it may pay stock dividends instead of cash dividends. D. Each of these statements is true.
At what stage in the development of cancer do the cancerous cells grow out of control, grow their own blood vessels, and invade surrounding tissues? At what stage in the development of cancer do the cancerous cells grow out of control, grow their own blood vessels, and invade surrounding tissues? A. progression B. initiation C. promotion D. metastasis Which of the following terms is synonymous with the word malignant? Which of the following terms is synonymous with the word malignant?...
Which of the following is an element of internal control? Select one: O A. Control environment O B. Control procedures O C. None of the above O D. All of the above
37. You just read a study that revealed an association between liver cancer and exp chemicals in the workplace. They examined people with liver cancer and peo cancer and asked where they worked, how long they had worked at their place what possible chemicals they may have been exposed to. You decided this w a. cohort study c. expe b. case control study d. quas 38. You also remembered that one of the cons of this type of design was:...