A study design method to control confounding that involves the selection of study subjects that only...
A study design method to control confounding that involves the selection of study subjects that only fall within one type or stratum is called:
a) Multivariate modeling
b) Stratification
c) Matching
d) Restriction
Homework Answers
Option-D Restriction. As the process of restriction allows only one type of factor to be studied as it limits the other factors contribution. Where as in the mutivariate modeling it works best with group , Stratification works confounder groups which did not varies and matching involves in the case control studies.
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A study design method to control confounding that involves the
selection of study subjects that only...
Which of the ways to control for confounding occurs at the analysis stage? Select one: a....
Which of the ways to control for confounding occurs at the analysis stage? Select one: a. Statistical modelling or matching b. Stratification or statistical modelling c. Randomisation, restriction or matching d. Stratification or restriction
Which method is being used to control for confounding by smoking in each of the studies...
Which method is being used to control for confounding by smoking in each of the studies below? A case-control study of the effect of a new lipid-lowering medication on the incidence of CHD that determines the relative odds (OR) of CHD separately in smokers and non-smokers. Options: Is this restriction, matching, stratified analysis, randomization or mediation? Briefly justify why you chose this option?
Which method is being used to control for confounding by smoking in each of the studies...
Which method is being used to control for confounding by smoking in each of the studies below? A cohort study of the effect of a new lipid-lowering medication on the incidence of CHD that is limited to non-smokers ≥50 years of age. Options: Is this Restriction, matching, stratified analysis, randomization or mediation? Briefly justify why you chose this option?
6. Typically, when comparing a within-subjects design to a between-groups design which of the following describe...
6. Typically, when comparing a within-subjects design to a between-groups design which of the following describe their differences in error variance? a. Within-subjects designs results in less error variance than between-groups. b. A within-subjects design results in more error variance than a between-groups design. C. A within-subjects design results in the same amount of error variance as a between-groups design d. There is no error variance in a within-subjects design, whereas a between- groups design does present some error variance....
Information about the study population and study design can help with the minimization of: a. Selection...
Information about the study population and study design can help with the minimization of: a. Selection bias and random error b. Random error and confounding c. Selection bias and confounding d. None of the above
In a between-subjects design, holding a potential confounding variable constant helps to reduce the variance within...
In a between-subjects design, holding a potential confounding variable constant helps to reduce the variance within treatment groups, however it also reduces the study's a. accuracy b. internal validity c. external validity. d. variance.
An advantage of a within-subjects design as compared to a between-subjects design is... a. All of...
An advantage of a within-subjects design as compared to a between-subjects design is... a. All of these options. b. it eliminates the threat that participant characteristics may become a confounding variable. c. it reduces the variability by subtracting out the individual differences. d. it usually requires fewer participants.
2. Which of the following statements is TRUE (1 mark)? a) Selection bias can be reduced...
2. Which of the following statements is TRUE (1 mark)? a) Selection bias can be reduced by increasing sample size. b) Loss to follow-up in a cohort study can bias findings either towards the null (reducing the magnitude of the true association) or the opposite (over-estimating the magnitude of the true association). c) Systematic error can be reduced by taking repeated measurements. d) Non-differential misclassification of exposure or outcome usually biases study findings away from the null (towards finding an...
In a within-subjects design, individual differences are a problem because... a, individual differences are not a...
In a within-subjects design, individual differences are a problem because... a, individual differences are not a problem in a within-subjects design. b. they can become confounding variables. c. they can increase the variability. d. they can become confounding variables and they can increase the variability
10. Nested case-control studies: A. use subjects drawn from a cohort study B. provide a degree...
10. Nested case-control studies: A. use subjects drawn from a cohort study B. provide a degree of control over confounding C. reduce the cost of collecting exposure information D. all of the above 13. Repeated cross-sectional surveys may underestimate past smoking behavior of older-age cohorts? A. True B. False 14. The purpose of the washout period is to reinforce the carryover effect. A. True B. False 18. Treatment crossover refers to any change of treatment for a patient in a...
6. Typically, when comparing a within-subjects design to a between-groups design which of the following describe their differences in error variance? a. Within-subjects designs results in less error variance than between-groups. b. A within-subjects design results in more error variance than a between-groups design. C. A within-subjects design results in the same amount of error variance as a between-groups design d. There is no error variance in a within-subjects design, whereas a between- groups design does present some error variance....
In a between-subjects design, holding a potential confounding variable constant helps to reduce the variance within treatment groups, however it also reduces the study's a. accuracy b. internal validity c. external validity. d. variance.
An advantage of a within-subjects design as compared to a between-subjects design is... a. All of these options. b. it eliminates the threat that participant characteristics may become a confounding variable. c. it reduces the variability by subtracting out the individual differences. d. it usually requires fewer participants.
In a within-subjects design, individual differences are a problem because... a, individual differences are not a problem in a within-subjects design. b. they can become confounding variables. c. they can increase the variability. d. they can become confounding variables and they can increase the variability
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