Question

How has nursing practice evolved over time? Discuss the key leaders and historical events that have influenced the advancement of nursing, nursing education, and nursing roles that are now part of the contemporary nursing profession.

Answer 1

#. Care of the Sick in Early Civilizations

Primitive Societies Witchcraft, Rituals & Gender Roles Babylonian Caregivers Male dominated society Medical Services & hygienic practices existed Ancient Hebrews Religious health & dietary practices Prevention of communication of diseases Home health care for the ill

#. Early Civilization Health Care Cont.

Ancient Egyptians Nursing care & procedures described for "patients" ID of diseases & treatment...& surgery Pre-Christian India Hospitals for the sick with male caregivers Ancient Greeks < 500BC Temples for rest & restoration of health Priestess care-attendants for curable ailments Hippocrates: progressive physician & teacher From mysticism to holistic approach

#. Early Civilization Health Care Cont.

Early Christians Focus on poor, sick, widowed, children Deacons & Deaconesses to give care Phoebe "1st visiting nurse" ~ AD60 Fabolia -> Free hospital in Rome ~AD390 Monastic & Military Orders Cared for sick for next 1000 yrs Feudalism blocked ancients' med knowledge

#. 19th Century Health Care Advances

Fliedner & Lutheran Order of Deaconesses 1st school of nursing: Kaiserwerth, Germany Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) Superintendent in English hospitals Crimean War in Turkey "Lady with the Lamp" Nightingale Nursing Schools Hygiene & sanitation of environment Diet & nutrition + observations

#. 19th Century Nursing Education

"Nightingale Plan" for nursing schools Strict standards for admission 1 yr formal instruction & practical experience Records of students progress Registry of graduates employment Pastor Fliedner & Deaconesses to USA Pittsburg Infirmary(Passavant Hospital) Hospital Schools of Nursing Modeled on Nightingale Plan

#. Hospitals & Nursing Ed in the USA

19th Century Hospitals Overcrowded, few standards Somewhere to contract disease rather than cured Poor hygienic practices, physically dirty Unchecked infections Caregivers were not trained or qualified Women of "proper upbringing" did not work Nurses ended up being "camp followers"

#. 2nd Half of 19th Century

Hospitals recommended to establish & support their own schools of nursing American Medical Association (AMA) Nursing Schools of Nightingale Plan Universal model in US by end of century Attendant Nurses Ballard School, Brooklyn, NY 3 mo training pgm 1892 Practical Nursing Schools followed model

#. 2nd Half of 19th Century

American Society if Superintendents of Training Schools of Nursing (1894) Lavinia Dock & Isabel Hampton Robb Code of Ethics: Nightingale Pledge American Journal Of Nursing - Robb National League for Nursing Education -Dock

#. End of Century Developments

Dorothea Dix Superintendent Female Ns Union Army Clara Barton American Red Cross 1881 Mary Ann Ball Nurse Heroine in Civil War Mary Adelaide Nutting Nursing Ed Leader Mary Breckenridge Frontier Nursing Service

#. Changes in Nursing During 20th Century

Nursing Licensure Licensing regulations to protect public 1903 NC, NJ, NY, VA Alumnae Association for local nursing standards American Nurses Association 1911 Columbia University Robb & Nutting Program to train & develop teachers of nsg

#. Key leaders who have influenced the advancement of nursing , nursing education ,and nursing roles are :-

- Florence Nightingale

founder of modern nursing; entered nursing despite upper class status; cared for wounded soldiers in Crimean War; advocated importance of sanitary living conditions; est. nurses' training school in London; "Lady with the Lamp"

- Mary Seacole

Jamaican nurse who played a major role in Crimean War; opened lodging house w/own money to care for sick and wounded soldiers; contributed to control of cholera epidemic w/extensive knowledge in tropical medicine

- Dorothea Dix

long-time advocate for mentally ill in prewar years; Superintendent of Women Nurses of the Union Army; created month-long training program at two New York hospitals for women who wished to serve

- Sojourner Truth

famous African-American abolitionist who served the Union forces

- Harriet Tubman

former field slave who established the "underground railroad" and led numerous slaves to freedom

- Susie King Taylor

former slave who first worked as a laundress but was called on to assist as a nurse; is noted for teaching soldiers (both African-American and white) how to read and write

- Mary Anne Bickerdyke

uneducated, widowed housekeeper known for nursing ability; sent to Western Front to investigate hospital camp in Illinois; made effort to create cleaner conditions for camp; was NOT a formally trained nurse but provided much needed nursing services

- Clara Barton

began independent campaign to provide relief for soldiers; established own system of distribution of supplies and other necessities; set up makeshift field hospital at scene of battle and cared for wounded/dying; "Angel of the Battlefield"; founded American Red Cross

- Mary Eliza Mahoney

known as first educated, professionally trained African-American nurse at New Egland Hospital for Women and Children

- Isabel Hampton

Founder of American Nurses Association (ANA)