1, Nature and charecteristics of Antigen:
Antigen is an organism,molecules or substance..It has immune
response and fight with antibodies..it can able to induce adaptive
immunity called immunogens. It is an antigens they have the ability
to stimulate an immune response..Foreign agents can act as an
antigen,it may be a chemical substance like protein,biological
substance like bacteria and its products.fungi, virus
etc..Infectious agent macro-molecules can be recognized by immune
system..Polysaccharides are in second protein in immunogens, lipids
and nuclic acid is a infectious agent it can attached with proteins
or polysaccharides..Biological products like milk,snake venom, are
good source of antigen..gram- negative bacteria,cytoplasmic
protein,exotoxins,endotoxins have antigenic property can have
immune response against them..sometimes self-protein foreign
substance against to control the Auto-immunity..There are some
factors the power of antigen has that is molecular size, structural
stability, degradability,chemical composition,foreignness
,conformation and accessibility,Antigen
processing,hetrogenecity..
2, The Major Histocompatibility complex(MHC) molecules bind peptide
fragments from pathogens and distributing that on cell surface as a
T-cells..The consequences to the pathogens virus- infected cells
are killed ,macro pages activated to kill bacteria intracellular
vesicles B cells activated to produce antibodies that neutralize
extracellular pathogens..
There are two seperate properties of the MHC make pathogens
difficult to promote immune response..that is polygenic, it has
class I and II MHC genes so each person has different range of MHC
molecules of peptide-binding specificities..second one is
polymorphic ..These has multiple variants of each gene with in the
peoples..The MHC genes are mostly polymorphic genes..MHC class I
and II glycoproteins that prevent peptides to the T-cells
receptors..The polymorphism is important antigen recognition by
T-cells..
T-cells recognize the action as a peptide by allelic variant of an
MHC molecules, it restrict some peptide to MHC molecules..this
T-cells behaviour called MHC restriction..MHC alleles differ from
each person to person by multiple aminocaids substitutions ..the
range of peptide bound,conformation of the bound peptide and direct
interaction of MHC molecules with T cells receptor affected by MHC
polymorphism..High polymorphic nature in critical role polymorphism
immune response genetic mechanism can be seen in MHC
alleles..Pressure of maintain MHC molecules in the population comes
from infectious agents..
3, Autoantigens:
Any Antigens that stimulates autoantibodies in the organism that
produced it..
Alloantigens :
Antigens present in some people but not all individuals and having
capable of inducing the production of alloantibody by
individuals..
Learning Outcomes 1. Describe the nature and characteristics of antigens and how they stimulate the immune...
Lecture Outline 1. Define and characterize the nature of immunogens. 2. Differentiate an immunogen from an antigen. 3. Discuss the biological properties of individuals that influence the nature of the immune response. 4. Describe four important characteristics of immunogens that affect the ability to stimulate a host response. 5. Identify the characteristics of a hapten. 6. Describe how an epitope relates to an immunogen. 7. Discuss the role of adjuvents. 8. Differentiate heterophile antigens from alloantigens and autoantigens Lecture Outline...
QUESTION 11 How is the immune system able to recognize a limitless number of different antigens and epitopes? While each lymphocyte carries receptors that recognize only one type of epitope, the immune system produces a wide variety of lymphocytes each of which carries unique receptors A genetic "memory" of the pathogens your parents encountered (and their parents and so on) is passed on to each generation, increasing the number of possible responses over time. Each lymphocyte is coated with many...
In general, the immune response to extracellular antigens involves: 1. the cellular arm of the immune system 2. the red blood cells of the circulatory system 3. adhesion molecules 4. the humoral arm of the immune system 5. all of the above
How does activation by T-independent antigens differ from this figure? Extracellular antigens B cell receptors Antigen fragments MHC class II with antigen displayed on surface **Cytokines Plasma cell Antibodies T cell B cell B cell 1 APC receptors 2 Antigen is 3 Antigen fragments are T helper cell recognize and phagocytized and displayed on the B cell secretes cytokines, attach to antigen. digested (see surface, attracting a activating a B cell. Figure 17.12). matching T helper cell. Figure 17.5 Activation...
How does the MHC aid the adaptive immune system recognizing antigen? TTT Arla 3 (12pt) TEE 2
need help w second question lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system have evolved to recognize an extraordinary variety of antigens from bacteria viruses and disease causing agents name the antigen recognition molecules of b cells heavy and light chains of these molecules are composed of 2 regions name these regions and briefly describe their functions Monocytes move from the systemic circulatory system into general connective tissues, where they differentiate into what phagocytic cell type?
Adaptive Immunity Worksheet in the body. a. What 1. Adaptive immune cells will interact mainly at the about this organ makes it a good place for the cells to interact? 2. The adaptive immune system is divided into two responses: The response, which uses B cells, and the response, which uses T cells. 3. What is one difference between antigen that B cells respond to vs. antigen that T cells respond to? 4. Fill in the following information about 3...
Immune system 1.The against pathogens that are general, and not targeted at specific pathogens immune system includes the skin and defenses . The immune system that attack specific pathogens, like antibodies and the cells that produce them immune system includes the parts of the 3. The white blood cells are made in the 4. The lymph flows through cells of the immune system can accumulate to fight a local infection where white blood 5. Blood flows into, through and out...
Immune system 1.The against pathogens that are general, and not targeted at specific pathogens immune system includes the skin and defenses . The immune system that attack specific pathogens, like antibodies and the cells that produce them immune system includes the parts of the 3. The white blood cells are made in the 4. The lymph flows through cells of the immune system can accumulate to fight a local infection where white blood 5. Blood flows into, through and out...
1. The prevention of inflammatory immune responses to inhaled antigens in healthy individuals has mechanisms in common with those that prevent inflammatory immune responses to commensal microbes in the gut. One important component of immune regulation shared by these two situations is: a. The induction of increased numbers of IFN-g-producing T cells and ILCs in the airway and gastrointestinal epithelium b. The presence of tissue-resident mast cells that bind IgE through the high affinity IgE receptor c. The high levels...