Question

Please select one disease from Musculoskeletal AND one disease from NEURO (Total of 2 topics) "(Note, No handwriting all typed)"

Please write a 4-5 paragraph discussion on the selected topics. This discussion should be summarised, detailed and comprehensive.

1. Musculoskeletal:

i. Osteoporosis

ii. Lower back pain

iii. Mandible fracture

2. Neuroskeletal:

i. Multiple Sclerosis

ii. Huntington's Disease

iii. spinal Cord Injury

Answer 1

From musculoskeletal:OSTEOPOROSIS:

It is medical condition that is characterized by a decresaes in the bone density that may leads to decrease bone strength and make bones fragile and consequential increase risk in fractures in the bone.In these condition bones become porous and compressible lika a sponge.No symptoms was seen in first fracture.

Signs and symptoms include joint pain that can be caused by collapsed vetebra,decrease height,weight loss, posture difference.

Etiology:

• Family history of osteoporosis (If any one of sibiling have osteoporosis have risk of developing of osteoporosis)
• Gender:Women have high risk compared to men because after menopause women get weakened.
• Calcium deficiency: Low calcium intake that can diminsh bone density that has high risk of developing fracture.
• High thyroid hormone level can decrease bone density.
• Long term use of corticosteroid such as prednisone that can inhibit the formation of bone.
• Excess use of alcohol and tobacco cause osteoporosis.

Diagnosis:

• Serum calcium measurement can help to measure the calcium level in the body.
• Thyroid stimulating hormone,Phosphorus level
• Vitamin D level
• 24hours urine calcium level
• Transglutaminase IgG measurement.
• Radoilogical examination of spine that help to diagnosis the severity of fractures.
• Computerized tomography to measure the bone density.

Treatment:

Pharmacological therapy:

• Cholecalciferol:800 to 1000 IU per day.
• Calcium bicarbonate:1000mg orally per day.
• Alendrone:10mg or 70 weekly once.
• Risedronate sodium:35 mg once weekly
• Ibandronate sodium:2.5mg orally once daily
• Zoledronic acid:5mg IV over 15 minutes.
• Raloxifene hydrochloride:60mg once daily

Non pharmacological therapy:

• Include adequate amout of calcium and vitamin D food in diet.
• Include leafy vegetables and fresh fruits in diet.
• Vitamin D improves the body ability to absorb calcium and provide strength to the bones.
• Maintain health weight.

Neuroskeletal:HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE

It is medical condition that is inhereted autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease that may have impact on the functional abilities that may lead in changes in movement,cognitive function that is called as huntingtons disease.

Sign and symptoms include involuntary jerking movement, muscle contracture,abnormal eye movement. Brain changes include depression,anxiety,difficulty in learing,insomnia,seizures,cachexia.

It is caused by inherited in a single gene that may develope the disorder and genetic history. The huntingtin gene is attached to chromosome 4 that is needed by nerve cell in the brain for development of body before birth.

Diagnosis include gene mutation detection test that is used to test DNA.Magnetic resonance image of brain helps to monitor striatal volume.Computerized tomography.

Treatment:Pharmacological:

Cholera:

• Tetrabenazine:Intial 12.5mg once daily increase to 25mg.
• Riluzole:200mg twice a day
• Amantadine:300 to 400 mg orally

Depression:

• Setraline hydrochloride:25 to 200mg once a day
• Paroxetine hydrochloride:10 to 60mg orally once a day

Bradykinesia :

• Carbidopa:25mg/100mg
• Bromocriptine:1.25mg