OSTEOARTHRITIS
Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis, affecting millions of people worldwide. It occurs when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of your bones wears down over time.
Although osteoarthritis can damage any joint, the disorder most commonly affects joints in your hands, knees, hips and spine.
Osteoarthritis symptoms can usually be managed, although the damage to joints can't be reversed. Staying active, maintaining a healthy weight and some treatments might slow progression of the disease and help improve pain and joint function.
Symptoms
Osteoarthritis symptoms often develop slowly and worsen over time. Signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis include:
Causes
Osteoarthritis occurs when the cartilage that cushions the ends of bones in your joints gradually deteriorates. Cartilage is a firm, slippery tissue that enables nearly frictionless joint motion. Eventually, if the cartilage wears down completely, bone will rub on bone.
Osteoarthritis has often been referred to as a "wear and tear" disease. But besides the breakdown of cartilage, osteoarthritis affects the entire joint. It causes changes in the bone and deterioration of the connective tissues that hold the joint together and attach muscle to bone. It also causes inflammation of the joint lining.
Risk factors
Factors that can increase your risk of osteoarthritis include:
Complications
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease that worsens over time, often resulting in chronic pain. Joint pain and stiffness can become severe enough to make daily tasks difficult.
Depression and sleep disturbances can result from the pain and disability of osteoarthritis.
Diagnosis
During the physical exam, your doctor will check your affected joint for tenderness, swelling, redness and flexibility.
Imaging tests
To get pictures of the affected joint, your doctor might recommend:
Analyzing your blood or joint fluid can help confirm the diagnosis.
Lab tests
Treatment
Osteoarthritis can't be reversed, but treatments can reduce pain and help you move better.
Medications
Medications that can help relieve osteoarthritis symptoms, primarily pain, include:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Over-the-counter NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve, others), taken at the recommended doses, typically relieve osteoarthritis pain. Stronger NSAIDs are available by prescription.
NSAIDs can cause stomach upset, cardiovascular problems, bleeding problems, and liver and kidney damage. NSAIDs as gels, applied to the skin over the affected joint, have fewer side effects and may relieve pain just as well.
Therapy
If conservative treatments don't help, you may want to consider procedures such as:
Lifestyle and home remedies
Learn all you can about your condition and how to manage it, especially about how lifestyle changes can affect your symptoms. Exercising and losing weight if you're overweight are important ways to lessen the joint pain and stiffness of osteoarthritis.
Exercise. Low-impact exercise can increase your endurance and strengthen the muscles around your joint, making your joint more stable. Try walking, bicycling or water aerobics. If you feel new joint pain, stop.
New pain that lasts for hours after you exercise probably means you've overdone it, not that you've caused damage or that you should stop exercising. Try again a day or two later at a lower level of intensity.
Other things to try include:
Movement therapies. Tai chi and yoga involve gentle exercises and stretches combined with deep breathing. Many people use these therapies to reduce stress in their lives, and research suggests that tai chi and yoga might reduce osteoarthritis pain and improve movement.
Make sure the yoga you choose is a gentle form and that your instructor knows which of your joints are affected. Avoid moves that cause pain in your joints.
Assistive devices. Assistive devices can help relieve stress on your joints. A cane takes weight off your knee or hip as you walk. Hold the cane in the hand opposite the leg that hurts.
Gripping and grabbing tools may make it easier to work in the kitchen if you have osteoarthritis in your fingers. Check catalogs or medical supply stores or ask your doctor or occupational therapist about assistive devices.
Coping and support
Your ability to cope despite pain and disability caused by osteoarthritis often determines how much of an impact osteoarthritis will have on your life. Talk to your doctor if you're feeling frustrated, because he or she may have ideas about how to cope or refer you to someone who can heLP.
CEREBRAL PALSY
Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affect movement and muscle tone or posture. It's caused by damage that occurs to the immature brain as it develops, most often before birth.
Signs and symptoms appear during infancy or preschool years. In general, cerebral palsy causes impaired movement associated with abnormal reflexes, floppiness or rigidity of the limbs and trunk, abnormal posture, involuntary movements, unsteady walking, or some combination of these.
People with cerebral palsy can have problems swallowing and commonly have eye muscle imbalance, in which the eyes don't focus on the same object. They also might have reduced range of motion at various joints of their bodies due to muscle stiffness.
Cerebral palsy's effect on function varies greatly. Some affected people can walk; others need assistance. Some people show normal or near-normal intellect, but others have intellectual disabilities. Epilepsy, blindness or deafness also might be present.
Symptoms
Signs and symptoms can vary greatly. Movement and coordination problems associated with cerebral palsy include:
Cerebral palsy can affect the whole body, or it might be limited primarily to one limb or one side of the body. The brain disorder causing cerebral palsy doesn't change with time, so the symptoms usually don't worsen with age.
However, as the child gets older, some symptoms might become more or less apparent. And muscle shortening and muscle rigidity can worsen if not treated aggressively.
Brain abnormalities associated with cerebral palsy might also contribute to other neurological problems, including:
When to see a doctor
It's important to get a prompt diagnosis for a movement disorder or delays in your child's development. See your child's doctor if you have concerns about episodes of loss of awareness of surroundings or of abnormal bodily movements, abnormal muscle tone, impaired coordination, swallowing difficulties, eye muscle imbalance or other developmental issues.
Causes
Cerebral palsy is caused by an abnormality or disruption in brain development, most often before a child is born. In many cases, the cause isn't known. Factors that can lead to problems with brain development include:
Risk factors
A number of factors are associated with an increased risk of cerebral palsy.
Maternal health
Certain infections or toxic exposures during pregnancy can significantly increase cerebral palsy risk to the baby. Infections of particular concern include:
Infant illness
Illnesses in a newborn baby that can greatly increase the risk of cerebral palsy include:
Other factors of pregnancy and birth
While the potential contribution from each is limited, additional pregnancy or birth factors associated with increased cerebral palsy risk include:
Complications
Muscle weakness, muscle spasticity and coordination problems can contribute to a number of complications either during childhood or in adulthood, including:
Prevention
Most cases of cerebral palsy can't be prevented, but you can lessen risks. If you're pregnant or planning to become pregnant, you can take these steps to keep healthy and minimize pregnancy complications:
Diagnosis
Signs and symptoms of cerebral palsy can become more apparent over time, so a diagnosis might not be made until a few months after birth.
If your family doctor or pediatrician suspects your child has cerebral palsy, he or she will evaluate your child's signs and symptoms, monitor growth and development, review your child's medical history, and conduct a physical exam. Your doctor might refer you to a specialist trained in treating children with brain and nervous system conditions (pediatric neurologist, pediatric physical medicine and rehabilitation specialist, or child developmental specialist).
Your doctor might also order a series of tests to make a diagnosis and rule out other possible causes.
Brain scans
Brain-imaging technologies can reveal areas of damage or abnormal development in the brain. These tests might include the following:
MRI. An MRI scan uses radio waves and a magnetic field to produce detailed 3D or cross-sectional images of your child's brain. An MRI can often identify lesions or abnormalities in your child's brain.
This test is painless, but it's noisy and can take up to an hour to complete. Your child will likely receive a sedative or light general anesthesia beforehand.
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
If your child is suspected of having seizures, an EEG can evaluate the condition further. Seizures can develop in a child with epilepsy. In an EEG test, a series of electrodes are attached to your child's scalp.
The EEG records the electrical activity of your child's brain. It's common for there to be changes in normal brain wave patterns in epilepsy.
Laboratory tests
Tests on the blood, urine or skin might be used to screen for genetic or metabolic problems.
Additional tests
If your child is diagnosed with cerebral palsy, you'll likely be referred to specialists to test your child for other conditions often associated with the disorder. These tests can identify problems with:
Treatment
Children and adults with cerebral palsy require long-term care with a medical care team. Besides a pediatrician or physiatrist and possibly a pediatric neurologist to oversee your child's medical care, the team might include a variety of therapists and mental health specialists.
Medications
Medications that can lessen muscle tightness might be used to improve functional abilities, treat pain and manage complications related to spasticity or other cerebral palsy symptoms.
Muscle or nerve injections
To treat tightening of a specific muscle, your doctor might recommend injections of onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox, Dysport) or another agent. Your child will need injections about every three months.
Side effects can include pain at the injection site and mild flu-like symptoms. Other more-serious side effects include difficulty breathing and swallowing.
Oral muscle relaxants
Drugs such as diazepam (Valium), dantrolene (Dantrium), baclofen (Gablofen, Lioresal) and tizanidine (Zanaflex) are often used to relax muscles.
Diazepam carries some dependency risk, so it's not recommended for long-term use. Side effects of these drugs include drowsiness, blood pressure changes and risk of liver damage that requires monitoring.
In some cases, baclofen is pumped into the spinal cord with a tube. The pump is surgically implanted under the skin of the abdomen.
Your child might also be prescribed medication to reduce drooling — possibly Botox injections into the salivary glands.
Therapies
A variety of therapies play an important role in treating cerebral palsy:
Physical therapy. Muscle training and exercises can help your child's strength, flexibility, balance, motor development and mobility. You'll also learn how to safely care for your child's everyday needs at home, such as bathing and feeding your child.
For the first one to two years after birth, both physical and occupational therapists provide support with issues such as head and trunk control, rolling, and grasping. Later, both types of therapists are involved in wheelchair assessments.
Braces or splints might be recommended for your child to help with function, such as improved walking, and stretching stiff muscles.
Speech and language therapy. Speech-language pathologists can help improve your child's ability to speak clearly or to communicate using sign language. They can also teach the use of communication devices, such as a computer and voice synthesizer, if communication is difficult.
Speech therapists can also address difficulties with eating and swallowing.
Surgical procedures
Surgery may be needed to lessen muscle tightness or correct bone abnormalities caused by spasticity. These treatments include:
Orthopedic surgery. Children with severe contractures or deformities might need surgery on bones or joints to place their arms, hips or legs in their correct positions.
Surgical procedures can also lengthen muscles and tendons that are shortened by contractures. These corrections can lessen pain and improve mobility. The procedures can also make it easier to use a walker, braces or crutches.
Coping and support
When a child is diagnosed with a disabling condition, the whole family faces new challenges. Here are a few tips for caring for your child and yourself:
Find support. A circle of support can make a big difference in helping you and your family cope with cerebral palsy and its effects. As a parent, you might feel grief and guilt over your child's disability.
Your doctor can help you locate support groups, organizations and counseling services in your community. Your child might also benefit from family support programs, school programs and counseling.
please select one disease from musculoskletal and one disease from Neuro 2 topics and write 2-3...
Please select one disease from Musculoskeletal AND one disease from NEURO (Total of 2 topics) "(Note, No handwriting all typed)" Please write a 4-5 paragraph discussion on the selected topics. This discussion should be summarised, detailed and comprehensive. 1. Musculoskeletal: i. Osteoporosis ii. Lower back pain iii. Mandible fracture 2. Neuroskeletal: i. Multiple Sclerosis ii. Huntington's Disease iii. spinal Cord Injury
Please select one disease from Endocrine disease AND one disease from Reproductive disease. (Total of 2 topics) "(Note, No handwriting all typed)" Please write a 4-5 paragraph discussion on the selected topics. This discussion should be summarised, detailed and comprehensive. 1. Endocrine: a. Diabetes mellitus b. Acromegaly c. Addison's disease 2. Reproductive: a. Gonorrhea b. Endometriosis c. Syphilis
Please select one from the following topics below. Discuss and give a summary, an example, and how it affects nursing or patient care. The post should be 4-5 paragraphs and be detailed and specific. please citation your work or reference. 1 - Informed Consent 2- Assault and battery 3- Mandatory reporting 4- Malpractice 5- Confidentiality (HIPPA) 6- Autonomy 7-Patient rights 8- Beneficence and Nonmaleficence 9 - Justice 10- Veracity 11- Code of Ethics for Nursing by the ANA 12- Role...
Write a brief (minimum 2 paragraphs, maximum 3) response to one of the three following topics: 1. Traditional, electromechanical Hard Drives vs SSD Drives. 2. CRT vs Plasma vs LCD displays 3. Dot matrix vs Laser vs InkJet printing
Select one of the infectious disease topics and explain what you feel is the most effective and efficient public health response to the example for that topic.
Please select one of the topics below to compose an initial thread over. Please go in and respond to the original thread of two classmates. Please make sure that at least one response is to a question other than the one you selected. 1. What are some key factors that have increased the speed at which diseases can spread in a population? What can we do in attempts to limit these/educate the public? 2. Using the population health model, list and describe various determinants of...
ENC 1102 Prompt: Select one topic and write a thesis statement: Choose one of the topics provided. Choose from the list of accepted topics is in the Module 2 Resources folder titled "Choose One of These Topics." The list provides topics which are focused (not too broad), challenging (not just factual), and grounded (not too speculative). All the topics are debatable, establishing a basis for a persuasive argument paper. If you professor approves, choose your own topic as long as...
Please choose one of these 3 topics and provide me with as much background information on them as possible. Thanks! Part 5 (chapters 9-11): choose one of the following 3 questions and write a detailed response to it in Canvas. Your answer is worth a possible 15 points. (1) What is populism? Provide at least two examples that demonstrate how populism functioned in Latin America. (2) Why did the military stage a coup d’état in Brazil? Once in power, how...
IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY LAB Assignment Spring 2019-2020 PLEASE CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING TOPICS TO WRITE YOUR ASSIGNMENT (10 MARKS) 1. Monoclonal Antibodies VS. Polyclonal Antibodies 2. Types of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies 3. Diagnostic Usage of the Antibodies 4. Develop Novel Antibodies against COVID-19 Disease KEY POINTS WORD COUNT: APPROX. 1000 WORDS. REFERENCES: INCLUDE THE REFERENCES USED IN THE TEXT AND THE REFERENCE LIST AT THE END OF THE ESSAY. DEADLINE FOR SUBMISSION Monday: March 30, 2020 at 2:00 pm...
Write 2-3 paragraphs about a skin condition of your choice from Chapter 31 in the Kinn’s MA book. The information you provide should include the following: Definition of the disease/condition Signs and symptoms Treatment