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Ion channels that switch open and close as the potential difference across the cell membrane changes...

Ion channels that switch open and close as the potential difference across the cell membrane changes are an essential component of the cell membrane. Most such channels contain a molecular ion with a significant electrical charge at their core. Suppose a protein contains a molecular ion with a charge of -12e and that this protein is embedded in a cell membrane that has a thickness of 9 nm. What are the magnitude and direction of electric force on the ion under the following conditions:

(a) When the membrane potential is -70 mV, and the membrane is described is at rest? (3 points)

(b) When the membrane potential temporarily changes, for example during the transmission of a nerve impulse, to +30 mV? (3 points)

You should describe the directions as pointing either towards the inside or outside of the cell.

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