Question

The structure and function of a neuron

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Ion channels, ion flow, and membrane potential changes in an action potential

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Characteristics of an action potential

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Structure and function of myelin

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Steps involved in signal transmission at a chemical synapse

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How dendrites function: postsynaptic potentials, graded potentials, and summation at the axon

hillock

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The neurotransmitters discussed in lecture

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Targets of the autonomic nervous system

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Structure and function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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Neurotransmitters and receptors at the ganglia and targets of the autonomic nervous system

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The difference between epinephrine/norepinephrine released at a synapse versus released into

the bloodstream

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How to classify therapeutic drugs by their receptor type and whether they are agonists or

blockers/antagonists

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The action of therapeutic drugs discussed in lecture

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How to classify recreational drugs by toxidrome

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The action of the sympathomimetic, anticholinergic, and cholinergic drugs discussed in class



The major symptoms of the three toxidromes discussed in class, and why their symptoms differ



The functions of the brain structures discussed in class

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How somatosensory and motor maps are laid out in the brain, and how that relates to

representation on the homunculus

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How neural tissue is damaged and the difference between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke

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How the spinal cord is organized



The pathways and synapses of the medial lemniscal tract, the lateral spinothalamic tract, and

the lateral corticospinal tract

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How to diagnose a spinal cord lesion given symptoms



The organization of spinal nerves



How to diagnose spinal nerve lesions using dermatomes and myotomes



The organization of peripheral nerves



How to diagnose peripheral nerve lesions using cutaneous and muscular innervation patterns



The types of sensory receptor cells



Receptive field and how it relates to the homunculus



The value of lateral inhibition



The function of mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors in skin



The mechanism for taste and smell



The steps involved in hearing, and how we hear different frequencies and volumes



Sensorineural deafness versus conduction deafness



The steps involved in balance sensation with both the semicircular canals and otolith organs



How activation of the semicircular canals causes nystagmus



The structure of the eye



The mechanism for activation of the rods and cones, and how that results in an action potential

in cranial nerve 2

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Which hormones are polar and which are nonpolar

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How polar and nonpolar hormones differ in action

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All of the hormones that are part of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system and their

actions

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Negative feedback inhibition of hormones and its consequences

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The hormones released from the posterior pituitary and their actions

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The actions of melatonin, insulin, glucagon, leptin, ghrelin, norepinephrine, epinephrine,

calcitonin, and thyroid and parathyroid hormones, and which gland secretes each one



The process of meiosis



Basic genetics: alleles, dominant, recessive, autosomal v. sex chromosomes, Punnett squares



The steps for sex development of gonads, ducts, and external structures

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Spermatogenesis

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Male reproductive structures and functions

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Female reproductive structures and functions

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Oogenesis and follicle growth

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Structural and hormonal components of the menstrual cycle

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What happens in menopause

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Major contraceptive methods and their mechanism



Hormones involved in pregnancy and lactation and their functions



Treatments for infertility

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The function of the accessory organs

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How and where carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are all digested and absorbed



The functions of the different types of lipoproteins



The major anabolic and catabolic hormones and their functions



Which hormones are antagonistic to each other and why



The differences between the three types of diabetes mellitus



The roles for calcium, and the vitamin and hormones that regulate it



What defines and causes osteoporosis

Answer 1

A neuron has a cell body, an axon, dendrites, nerve endings and node of Ranvier.

The cell body has two processes-

A long process is called an axon and many short processes are called dendrites. Dendrites carry impulse towards the cell body and axon carries impulse away from the cell body. Axon is covered with a layer of fat called the myelin sheath. The places where the myelin sheath is absent are called nodes of Ranvier. The impulse travels from one node to another.

Cell body contain mitochondria and Nissl's granules. Nissl's granules are a chain of ribosomes.

Nerve endings are located at the end of an axon. A microscopic junction between nerve ending of one neuron and dendrite of another neuron is called a synapse.