Question

Please answer the following questions providing the appropriate amount of text and detail. Answers can be found in your textbook. Please do not cut and paste your answers. Quotations are not acceptable. It must be paraphrased appropriately to receive credit. 1. Define population, sample, and sampling. 15 pts 2. Define the five nonprobability sampling methods. 15 pts 3. Define the four common probability sampling methods. 15 pts 4. Describe some advantages and disadvantages of each sampling method and why you would choose to utilize each 25 pts 5. Describe the differences between qualitative and quantitative research sampling. 15 pts 6. Describe the differences between qualitative and quantitative research sample size. 15 pts APA is not needed for this assignment.

Answer 1

o - It can peduce ineffective , highly unenpresent uneumesentalle samples and not recommended. - for example m nestegatro may tural student f class X into research plan becaus class teaches to that clars is happens to be has trend thus ellustreel accidental sampley Advantage - Carenent - same time, money & Lasoul. 10 12 12 SM also 13 me 14 having as SNOW BALL SAMPLING is also known as network chain enferral a expulation Sampling methoch. This methed is basicale sociometric It is defined as having all the pecums in a group or organisation Identifyrry their friends who in tan identify their friend & assouates cintel the researched obseves that a constellation of fueldship converges into some type of a definite social 'Snowball sampley s mot usefull when there au rely few methods a secure a list of the population or whew the population is unknowable, archen me of pattern 17 SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING - Systonatic sampling may be defind as drawing or en selecting ereed minth person from a predetumined lest z elemetu a Indriduals selectey every 5th roll no in a class g 60 students will Constitute systematic sampley Aluso takey every few malone from telephone directry cane ekannel - It possees certain characleistics of randomness Trust elament PRIORITY SAPPOINTMENTS selected in a randame one & act same time it poses some non- probability traits such as excluding alle persons betweine 9th lents /+ и аашок е елау тihol. NOTES

LUIT 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Os s 3 hees durendable and reliable As it is amendable to classification criars. 4. The researches have a cmmel one valeable to agreate exlint Ruke sex as caste, but can't Control the variables that may have praclica and thentical significence. 10 1. popular Despite of Drapvontages. Guta sampling to a recy method among Non-probability methool of sonfiery 13 POR POSIVE OR JUDGEMENT AL SAMPLING 1 2 15 16 17 Pupasine sampling is very important in special situation. It is used in exploratory research or in field Research. The inveslegutor uses the Tudgendent of an expect in selecting cases with a specificel purpose in mind. Preposive sampling is appropnate to select unique cases that are especeally informative for studying attitude towards a national mue, a sample of yournalists , teachers and legis Lattre may be tamen as an exemple of purposive sample because they can more ha allachably be expected to represent the correct attitude than other classes of people residing in the country angles Advantages - Les casitty and samples are more readily aralaste Conrinient 19 I CONVENIENCE SAMPLING APPOINTMENTS MARHAZARD ACCIDENTAL Also called incidental Samping PRIORITY here the investigate select the economy & he does not care -sone specific braut sample fee to his about including NOTES convenienced the people with

OR The is because nor probability sample do not use the techniques of random sampling og greprtant technines of Nor-Probability samply methods all - ay Quota Sampliary is one of the improtant types of Nom - Pobabiluty saply 11 method whesh ở ceppantely similar to sto blefard Yandome sampling In quora Scoupling the investigator recognises the defecert Stoutags - the population and from each stratum he selects the numbes q indendurlso as bi brasilyThis constitutes the preach Seyly - Suppose the investigath knows that the population of Individuals 14 under study has 3 strala in terms q SES (Jocea-economic stalup) - high meddle, Low fulther suppose he knows that there are is 1000 people in hejh ses, 7000 people in modle SES & 2000 people in lower SES thus population consist G 10000 individuals . If he wants to 16. select and finally relect too individuals from grom hyn Sesi - 700 from medle ges & 200 from lower ses. Acording to his conneulence 17 (and not randomly ) this constitutes quota sampey "_Adventures on Quota samples are the most satisfactory means & crude ecosults are desired 2) This method a sampling is convenient & Lees cortly . 30 Quota samplery to a greater extent can guarantee the inclusion of individuals from dylement Strata g the population Disadvantages t There is no means of establishing random nere in queta sampling. The selected samples semain no longer the representative I the URIORITY APPOINTMENTS population Therme lacks external validity as genesalyability - 2). Investigator can select mot accessible sample which influence this prends and pronily cellatives. The readily accessible muy not be the typeical population for study. 19 wher NOTES

10 as In this way according to necessity fuithes subdivisione and - selection go samples can be done to different stages . o this is called multi - stage sampling Adrontoges It is most time officent and cost effecent probability derign for large geographical areas. to y this method in easy to be used from prachcility @ viewpoint ! 3) Laeges sample size can be used Que due to to in incluand denel of accessibility of perspectuie sample group member Dr Advantages 1 Requil group. Level infrmation be known 1 2) Ammonly has hyrir sampling esser than a 15 othes sampling techniques 3) Clustic samplly may fail to reflect the deveesing 16 in sampling framl. - Bespite of this desadvantages cluste sampleyn Common & in beharroneal scurices, 17 populat 18 19 BABILITY SAMPLING 16 SUNDAY Nm. Probabilela sampling is one method in which there is no way to auers the probabilith g the element argeny of elkments et the being included in sample of the population PRIORITY APPOINTMENTS NOTES Non-Probability Samplengs methods are those which pronde no Paris for estimating how closely the characlesstece a sample approximate the parametres of population from which the sample had been obtained 1

1837 Clustu Sampling ( Area sampling a clusiee sampling is a technique in which cluster q paho og_pastruyents that represent the nerulation ace denlifuel and includeel in the sample. 10 Cluster sampling involves identification of cluster of participants here the population and their inclusion in the sample group. I - It is a type of random sample that used mutuple stag es and is 12 often used to cores wille goographical areas in which aggregano units are randomly selected and the sample are drawn from 13 the sampled agssegated unite ar cluster I In aua sampling genually geogruphrit devitoris geographre treeton, 14 community neighbourhood cities, statu etc all hade - on a map and a cutain number a them is ckawn at random 15 and called sample . The investigatif mceeds to Interlew all elements of the randomly drawn areas or clusters. The in 16 Mason why this method is caller clurker / Area rangly 17 for example the investigater wanted to surrey the attitude of - people of punjas towards family planning for this It will be 18 ccmrienieint for the Inresujahr to have the map of purjasa before hem and then duvide it into various sections acc. to a 19 no. q verticle and honportal grid linice drewn accross the total area He will then number each section from I to N. ne beurg equal to the total number a sections: wiew the help of the table of randon numbers, he will draw a speciful number of sections to constitute a sample the he will finally study. Then he interiew all pecsons / members of Kamilees Criorita APPOINTMENTS NOTES living in those sections - If any drawn section contain extremely dettedunt type of families agam a random selection prom anong those families can be done & finally internemedi. y famillel s

- 2) It i more precine and avoids the blas extent 3 It save time and cost of data collection on the sauple she can be less in this methach Duadvantager 1) утре лh vаluеѕHTм тая кайд hry иіл 2) Greatie graphical concentration may result in may result heary Cost and more time 3) trained investigators are required for Streetifecatin Stalefcd Sampling has two types In Proportionate storal fuel randame samples 2 Dinpropstinate stratified randome sampling

10 WC JUPI U Ley , Jerez constitute 2 Stall fred Random sampling - In stralifud Randona sample the populatia a deridell 09 into two or more streta which may be based upon a storgre cutena such as see yielding two streta- male and female, 10 a upon a Compnation combination of two or more crilena such as sed and graduation yielding for shata namely " male under graduation, male graduate, fernale undugraduate and female hace graduate, graduates fernale undugred. 12 There divided populations are called suspopulations which are non- oneslapping and bogether constitue the whole population, - Here the population a devided into two ar 14_ more streta, which are considered to be homogenous internally a simple random sample for desired no. is sebuted taken from each population stratum, Thus the stratification of the population in the first requirement Lin's trabefel Rendm soupling 17 Reasons for stratification of population. 0 14 increases the precision in estimating the altributes 7 the whole population 2 strakfication gives convenience in sampling on the sampling survey is supervised in each whit by a person or group of peesom. Advantages of Straleficio Random sampling - 1. Stratiful sumpleng a more cupresentaken of the population because frmation q stratum and randme selection a eten PRIORITY V D APPOINTMENTS NOTES from each stratum make it hard to exclude strata of the caneresse and encreases the sample's representation to - the population or unevecse.

24 25 26 27 28 29 21 22 23 4 grupling with 1 as But if he does not return the fuit slip to the bar - the probakility of second sleps becomes 1/39 : og When the diment of the population is returned to the population after herify selictel, it is called sampling 10 reeplacement and when I tümot returned it in called - sampling withoucel replacement. . Thus random sampling may be defined as one in which all possible combinations a samples a freed 12 size have an equal probabilely of being selected. 13 Advantages of simple Randone sarpleng 14 1. This method is least costly and easily accessible асидач 15 2 fach element / person has equal chance of being a selected in the sample - 3) Simple Rondom sample serves as a foundation against which other methods are sometimes eraluated. 17 4 As the sample size increases , Il become more representative of unrease 18 s In SRS the sampling essers associated with any given sample drawn can easily be ansersal 19 6) in SRS the investigator does not emmit classification éerers because he need not know threyntly the population characterstic's prior to selection of the sample. Lundvantages q S&S o competele and up to dale Catalogued universe is necessary 2) Large Sample sije in njured to establish releability : APPOINTMENTS NOTES - 3 In case a wide geogaphical dispersim the campling o elems has lasger cost & greaty time u Unikille & untrained Unikulle Investigator may calire wrog V PRIORITY results.

8 Probability sampling is fue of bris in selecting saruple which They help in estimation n g rangiling ellers and evaluate 09 sample cesults in tand a theil precusion accuracy and efficucy and hence the conclusion reached from 10 Nach schmples are worth generalisation and comparable - to similar population to bhich they belong 1. The major pronabilenty samping methods are - 0 12 Simple Random glamping - LA simple Random sample (also known as unsestoclal yordom sample 13 mag de defined as the one in which each and every individual of the population has an equal Chance of being included in 14 the sample and also the selection of ene individual is in - no way dependent upon the selection of anothell another indevidual. - Thas a simple random sample requeres - - a) A Complete lest of all the elements (o b) Equal chance of each ellment to be selected c A selection procees whesetay the selection of on elamut has no effect on chance a selecting another element 19 for example - Ik we select a sample lo students from the grade cmsiting 9 40 students we can write the names for roll number) - on each ono student on separate slyss q napee - All equal in sit and colour and fold them in a similar way. subsequently , they may be place in a box and reshuf, led throught A blindfoldel peeson, then may be ased to pick up one NOTES slip. Heu, the probability q each slep being selectuel is 1/40. reppose that after selecting the neep and nothing the name written in the slep, he again returns Il to the box In this case the probablity of seemed slip bey selected as again 1/40 PRIORITY APPOINTMENTS

12 as to be made aylar the completion of the study 09 Different methods q samplay 10 1 haluk(1960) indicate that most sampling methools corned be Categned into tovo tyres - - 1 probability Sempeng methics. Representative due to Rand og Norr - Pobabletų dadpley methede, Non-Representative. Proin 13| 22 Po bab ulu Doobablete sampling is based on the fact that erecy 14 member of a population has a known and equal chanceg being selected 15 probability Sampling methods all those which clearly specify the probablity or lekelcharel of inclusion of each element or 16 endevidweit in the sample 17 The probability sampling methaels must satisfy the conditions n below. 18 1 ) The size of parent populatim or unirense from which sample . is to be taken must be known to the investigater 2) Each element an Indevidual in the population must have 9 SUNDAY an equal chance of being included in a subsequent Sample - 3) The desired sample size must be cleally specified _ 19 PRIORITY APPOINTMENTS NOTES

WLCR 2110 - Lay & According to Goode and Hatt / 1981) "A sample as the name impried, ua smaller apresentative of a large world Acc to Blalock (1960) "itu a small piece of the population obtained by a probablity prices that mirrors known parthion precision, the various patterns sub- classes of populection! 10 Loch " 12 Importance / Need for sampling objectives There all vacione reasons for which saomping a readed 1 Sampling somres time as well as money - A Recearct study based on samping is completed within a lesee time and Inoue leo expenditure than a study baced upon other criteria . 15 16 17 2 A lunarch study hased upon sampling is generally Anducted by treknél and expecuced havenga investifetes 18 Thus it strides accmacy in measurement and testing 19 3) Sampling in enguwid needed as it remains the only I where a population / universe contains a - Unfinity enfinitely many membell o ne PRIORITV 7 sanipinį enables the researcher to extimate the sampling eurs and that way it help in getting APPOINTMENTS T T NOTES information regarding some characlistic of the population. 3 Samping help in makiný correct and secentific judgemen . about I the population for which generalesalem is

a Dafini sampling. Dueus the different methods of sampleng INTRODUCTIONU As a researcha we can not make duect obecavalim of each individual in the populatim undees study Instead g that we collect dalce from a selected subset a. individuals - called a sample . These observations which of mode on the basis of sample - makes in fouce Inference about the entue populatem . 10 - - indwidual It would normally be impractical to study a whole population B1 Sampling is the method that allows researchers to enter 7 information about a population based on results from a 19. subset of the population, Lothout having to investigate evely.. 15 Reducing the no. 9 individuals in a study enduces the cost and - work head, and mar make it and easie to + may make it easier to obtain high quality 10 in formatin The indevicleals which are selected as sample from the " populiin ase representative f whole populations 18 DEFINITIONS OF Sampling - Sample. A sebelt population, 19 Sampling is the preces used in statistical analynn in which predetermined no. g observations are taken from a larges population hec to Young (1992) a -À Statistical sample is minjatule pictures to cross_selection 7 the entide - APPOINTMENTS gre g aggsegale from which the sample is taken? NOTECA

Populatim - Population w a (persons or objects ) that characustice defined by which ů established by complete set of trossees some the sampling the researcher. elements common erilena bample - chosen effered The selected elements (people or objects) & for participation in the study, people are as subjects of portepants. 11