Question

1. Explain the difference between oliguria, polyuria and anuria.

2. List 5 instructions a nurse would give a patient who has frequent urinary tract infections.

3. The patient complains that urination is painful, and the urine is cloudy (purulent). You do a dipstick and it is positive for protein, glucose, blood and ketones. Write these symptoms using the correct medical terminology.

4. Describe the Foley catheter and explain when it is used.

Answer 1

ANS 1):- oligouria this is also known as hypourination in this conditionthe urine output of a person is decreadsd upto 400 ml per day

this is mainly seen in the condition in which the amount of fluid is decreased in our body for example the conditions of hypovolumic shock or dehydration SOME DISEASE CONDITIONS MAY ALSO RESULT IN THE CONDITION OF OLIGUREA FOR EXAMPLE HHNS ,DKA,UTI,any kind of obstructionetc

anurea this is a more sever condition in which the urine output is even decreased less then 100 ml per day the main cause of this condition is renal faliure that can be acute or chronic or an end stange renal disease in which 90% of nephrons looses their functions and not able to form the urine proper amount . the other reasons for anurea includes kideny stones or tumors or BPH in males and medications that are toxic to our kidney

poly urea or excessive urine formation more than 2.5 lts a day if we have a look at the causes of polyurea then the main cause of polyurea are DM and DI they both can lead to excessive urination in a person DM by osmotic diuresis while in case of DI it can be due to centeral DI in which the production of ADH is decreased or due to nephrogenic DI in which nephrons does not do their functions well taht can lead to formation of excessive urine some medications may also cause poly urea in some patients it can be treated with medications like vassopression

ANS 2):- INSTRUCTIONS TO THE PATIENT WITH FREQUENT UTI TO PREVENT INFECTION :-

• wipe from front to back after a bowel movement or after urination
• avoid using any kind of chemicals like spermicides or powder or a deoderant spray near the gental area
• dont try tohold the urine for long time try to empty the bladder as soon as after the first urge that is normally felt at 150ml and try to drink a lot of water
• wear the undergarments that are made up of cotton to prevent the infevtion
• avoid multiple sexual partners and try to void before and after each sexual activity

if a person still has recurrent UTI then he or she must complete thee course of one to two weeks of antibiotic doses and after that a check must be done to confirm that it is completely cured .

ANS 3):-painful and cloudy urination occurs due to many reason in a patient like in case of urinary tract infection many patients may feel dysprea or painful urination and purulant urine that can be due to presence of white blood cells in the urine .but as mentioned in the next statement the patient also had excessisve anount of glucose in his urine or glucoseurea that can be due to diabetes in which the amount of glucose is increased in our blood and proteinurea can also be seen in some diabetic patient due to lack of insulin hormone or nephrone damge and the last symptom was ketone uera that is mainly due to excessive amount of ketone bodies that are formed in the body due to lack of insulin that helps to supress the activity of LDL that is responsible for the formation of ketone bodies so the main diagnosis of the paitent can be DM type 1.

ANS4) foleys catheter is nothing but just a simple tube like structure that passess throgh the urethra to the bladder to drain the stroed amount of urine to prevent UTI firstly the idea fpr this catheterwas given by frederic foley but now a days different types and sizes of foleys catheter are avalable in the market

types of catheter according to size 5fr 6fr 8fr 10fr 12fr 14fr 16fr 18fr 20fr 22fr 24fr 26fr

according to material silicon catheter

rubber catheter

plastic or PVC ccatheter

on the basisof uses indewelling

intrmittent

condom catheter

uses of foleys catheter the main purpose of foleys catheter is to DRAIN THE URINE OUT OF BLADDER

• conditions can be urinary incontinance
• urinary retention
• after surgery
• and in some of the medical conditions like spinal cord injury and dementia