Question

Alzheimer's Parkinson's Multiple Amyotrophic Lateral Pathophysiology (3 pts) a) CNS and/or PNS? b) Specific area(s) that have been damaged (include description of damage) c) Neurotransmitters affected (indicate if Clinical Manifestations (6 pts) a) Motor and sensory changes

Answer 1

1)Alzheimer etiology : advance age, female sex, family history, vascular disease, pathophysiology:it is the central nervous system is included , the neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles located in cortical areas and medial temporal lobe structures of brain, glutamate and other exccitatory aminoacids neurotransmitters act as potential neurotoxins , clinical manifestation: motor hyperactivity, impaired executive function, aphasia , memory loss, inability to care for self , disorientation, behavioural disturbances depression and psychotic symptoms etc. 2) Parkinsons :etiology: heredity, antipsychotic drugs, encephalitis infection, artheriscleriosis, etc, pathophysiology:central nervous system, affects the substantia nigra, the dopamine neurotransmitter is reduced, clinical manifestations:mild tremor, slight, limp, decreased arm swing, shuffling, propulsive gait with arms flexed and loss of postural reflexes, slight changes in speech pattern. 3)Multiple scleorsis: etiology:hereidary, infection, and environmental factors, pathophysiology: it is a central nervous system condition and the coating around nerve fibres is damaged , lower levels of noradrenaline in the brain is seen, clinical manifestations:vision , balance probelm , dizziness bladder problems etc, swallowing , tremor etc. 4) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis:etiology is unknown, rarely familial,pathophysiology: central nervous system , caused by lose of the neurons in the brain neurons are the nerve cells and the lose of these cells causes muscles to weaken and to lysis, too much glutamate , clinical manifestation: twitching in muscle, shivering, muscle weakness, failure in handicrafts and inability to speak, inability to be understood.