Question

8. Describe some of the ways influenza disease can be controlled in the human population. 9. What type of vaccine is the influenza vaccine (live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, or toxoid)? 10. Why is it recommended to get a yearly influenza vaccine? 11. What factors lower the efficacy rate of the influenza vaccine? 12. What is incidence? 13. What is prevalence?

Answer 1

8 Influeza virus can be controlled by following the below measures such as

• Providing vaccination.
• Maintaining hand hygiene.
• Use mask while moving out in public.
• Take rest and stay at home

9 Inactivated influenza vaccine is a type of influenza vaccine delivered by intramuscular injection and induces immunity for 1 year or less.Live attenuated vaccine is a type of influenza delivered by intranasal route induces immunity for atleast a year. Flumist is a live Attenuated Influenza vaccine that aims to induce a mucosal IgA response .It works very well in adults ,possibly because pre-existing antibodies clear the strain before it can induce protective immunity.

10 The strains circulating in the population change periodically due to genetic changes over time.The strains circulating this year are likely to be different than those circulating next year.The vaccine is only effective against the strains for which it was created.

11Antigenic shift can cause abrupt changes in the strains of the virus that are circulating within a population .When vaccine is given during a flu season,it contains strains of influenza that were predicted to be circulating in the population during that year .Antigenic shift can cause the strains to change within a population in a relatively short amount of time thus making the previous vaccine ineffective.

12 Incidence is the number of new cases occuring in a defined population during a specified time period.

13 Prevalence is a measure of the number of existing cases new and old in the population at a certain time.