Question

Please answer the following questions: 1-How tetanus produces spastic paralysis? 2-What produces the first cardiac sound or SI? What duces the fourth cardiac sound or SA? 3. What is aortic stenosis? When is this murmur heard in the cardiac cycle? What are its characteristics? 4.What is the pathophysiology of bronchial asthma? What happens in the respiratory tubes when it OCCUFS? 5-BRh blood type can be donated to which blood type patients? Please mention all the possible blood type recipients 6- What is the difference between a lymphocyte and a T lymphocyte) 7. What can produce lune collapse? Please explain how it is produced in terms of the pressures associated to the lungs cavities 8-Which muscle helps to close the eyes? 9.A hererozygous B blood type man marries with a homozygous A blood type lady. How many different blood type babies may they have? What are those blood types? 10-in which clinical condition a RhoGAM vaccine is administered to a lady? Please explain your answer 11 - What are our natural Complement proteins? Why are they necessary?

Answer 1

1) Tetanus also called as lock jaw. It is a life threatening infection, The causative organism is Clostridium tetani. The common symptoms ranges from stiffness of jaw,neck,odynophagia,laryngeal spasm. The port of entry of tetani spores is through punctured wounds,stab injury,surgical wounds,insect bite. The reason for spastic paralysis in a tetanus is due to the toxins tetanospasmin that interfere with the function of motor neurons.

2) Heart sounds occurs as a result of open and closure of heart valves, contraction and relaxation of heart chambers,blood flow into the chambers of the heart. The first heart sound S1 describes as Lub and it occurs due to the closure of Atrioventricular valves. Is the beginning of ventricular systole in a cardiac cycle. The fourth heart sound is weak one and also refers to atrial gallop. It occurs secondary to left ventricular stiffness as a result of coronary artery disease.

3) Aortic stenosis defines as narrowing of the aortic valve that hinders the delivery of blood supply to the aorta. It is caused due to congenital narrowing of aortic valve, rheumatic heart disease. Murmur refers to an unusual heart sound heard in between heart beat. In aortic stenosis a mid systolic ejection murmur can heard over the right second intercostal space.

4) Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease that results to narrowing of the airways. The most common cause is exposure to allergens in the environment like dust,mites,pollens smoke,mold,animal hair and dander,cockroaches.

Pathophysiology of asthma:

i)Triggering factors like allergens in the environment like dust,mites,pollens,smoke,mold,animal hair and dander,cockroaches, constant stress.

ii) Inflammation of airway secondary to release of inflammatory mediators.

iii) Increased secretion of mucus from globet cells in response to inflammatory mediators that results in occlusion of airway by excess mucus plug.

iv) Proliferation of bronchial membranes results in swelling of bronchi

v) Narrowing if bronchial passage resulting in symptoms of cough,shortness of breath and chest tightness.

5) Eye is an important visual organ that helps in vision. Orbicularis oculi muscles helps in closing the eyelids,