Question

KH Laboratory Tests Values Date Student's Name Test/Diagnostic Name_Cystoscopy Normal Range/Normal Findings. Adult Child Type of test Critical Values Body Systems and Functions:- Test Results Time Frame:- Test Description (Why Is this required?) Consent Form Required? :- YES

Answer 1

CYSTOSCOPY

Type of test: Cystoscopy is an invasive procedure. It can be diagnostic or therapeutic.

• Diagnostic: it is done to diagnose a problem, or to find out the cause of disease. For example: to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions, to identify the source of hematuria.
• Therapeutic: it is done to treat a disease condition. For example: To coagulate bleeding, to remove polyps and lesions, etc.

Normal range/ normal finding

In both adults and children, the bladder wall should smooth, also the bladder should be in normal shape, size, and position. There should not be any blockage, stones or growth

Critical value: not applicable for this procedure

Body systems and functions:

Cystoscopy is a test to visualize the urethra and the bladder by using a cystoscope. The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters and the bladder.

• Kidneys: The kidneys are bean-shaped organs, about the size of our fist. It is located on each side of the spine and below the rib cage. Kidneys consist of the nephrons, which are the main functional units of the kidney.
• Ureters: These are thin muscular tubes connecting both the kidneys to the bladder. This empties the urine into the bladder.
• Bladder: The urinary bladder is situated in the pelvic cavity and is a hollow muscular oval-shaped. It collects the urine from the kidneys through the ureters. It can store about 1.5- 2 cups of urine. The urine is emptied through the urethra.

Test results time frame:

The procedure may take 20-30 minutes. The results of the test may take 1-2 weeks.

Test description (why it is required?):

Cystoscopy is done to visualize the urethra and the bladder by using a cystoscope, which is a long, thin optical instrument with an eyepiece at the end. It can be rigid or flexible in the middle. It has a tiny lens and light at the other end. By using this instrument the urologist can visualize the tiny structures and layers and linings of the urethra and the bladder. It can either be done to diagnose or for therapeutic purposes.

Consent form:

Yes. Cystoscopy is an invasive procedure, therefore it requires a consent form.

What could cause increased value/ What could cause decreased value:

Not applicable. The test results can either be normal or abnormal

• Normal result: The linings of the bladder and the urethra are smooth, with no abnormal lesions, polys, no bleeding, no stones. The bladder in normal shape, size, and position.
• Abnormal:
  • stone in the ureters, kidney or bladder
  • Abnormal tissue, tumors, polyps or cancer
  • Obstruction’
  • Infection
  • Diverticulum of bladder, fistula
  • Ureteral calculi
  • Ureteral reflux
  • Prostatitis
  • Enlargement of the prostate

Nursing care

Before the test:

5. Assess the knowledge of the patient regarding the procedure
5. Answer to all the queries of the patient and explain in detail the whole procedure.
5. Consent form: Informed consent must be taken prior to the procedure.
5. Medication: all blood thinners should be withheld for the patient. Example asprin, enoxparin. LMWH, warfarin, etc
5. If the procedure is being done under general anesthesia then educate the patient to fast for 6-8 hours prior to the procedure. If general anesthesia is not required then fasting is not mandatory.
5. IV line: establish an IV line for fluids and medications.
5. Ask the patient to change the dress to hospital gowns and to empty the bladder prior to the procedure
5. Administer sedatives and other medications as ordered

After test

5. Monitor the vital signs of the patient
5. Monitor the patient urine output. Ther patient should void at least 24 hours after the procedure.
5. Observe the patients' urine color. Initially, urine may be red-tinged and the patient can have burning micturition but it usually resolves in 2-3 days
5. Encourage the patient to take oral fluids. Fluid helps to flush the urinary bladder
5. Provide sitz bath ( warm), deep breathing and relaxation techniques. Administer mild analgesics as ordered by the physician.
5. Watch the patient for serious complications like bleeding, urine retention, fever, chills, etc

Potential complications

The potential complications are

5. Urinary tract infection
5. Abnormal pain
5. Bleeding
5. Injury to the urethra, bladder
5. Narrowing of the urethra because of scar tissue formation

factors affecting the results:

Factors that can affect the results and procedure are;

• If the patient is not able to follow the dietary restriction prior to the procedure.
• If the patient is not able to cooperate during the procedure.