Question

ulute Laboratory Tests Values Student's Name Test/Diamostic Name Random Normal Range/Normal Findings: Date Urine Specimen Type of test Adult Child Critical Values :- Body Systems and Functions:- Test Results Time Frame:- Test Description (Why Is this required?). Consent Form Required? :- YES

Answer 1

Type of test: biochemical test microscopic analysis

  Normal urine specimen values for adult: Color – Yellow (light/pale to dark/deep amber)

Clarity/turbidity – Clear or cloudy

• pH – 4.5-8

• Specific gravity – 1.005-1.025

• Glucose - ≤130 mg/d

• Ketones – None

• Nitrites – Negative

• Leukocyte esterase – Negative

• Bilirubin – Negative

• Urobilirubin – Small amount (0.5-1 mg/dL)

• Blood - ≤3 RBCs

• Protein - ≤150 mg/dl

• Crystals – Occasionally

• Bacteria – None

• Yeast - None

• Normal values for Children:

• Color – Yellow (light/pale to dark/deep amber)

• Clarity/turbidity – Clear or cloudy

• pH – 4.5-8

• Specific gravity – 1.005-1.025

• Glucose - 0 to 0.8mmol/L

• Ketones – None

• Nitrites – Negative

• Leukocyte esterase – Negative

• Bilirubin – Negative

• Urobilirubin – Small amount (0.5-1 mg/dL)

• Blood - ≤3 RBCs

• Protein - ≤150 mg/d

• RBCs - ≤2 RBCs/hpf

• WBCs - ≤2-5 WBCs/hpf

• Squamous epithelial cells - ≤15-20 squamous epithelial cells/hpf

• Casts – 0-5 hyaline casts/lpf

• Crystals – Occasionally

• Bacteria – None

• Yeast - None

• Critical values are as follows:

• Color – None

• Clarity/turbidity –None

• pH – None

• Specific gravity – None

• Glucose - None

• Ketones – None

• Nitrites – None

• Leukocyte esterase – None

• Bilirubin – None

• Urobilirubin – None

• Blood - None

• Protein - None

• Crystals – None

• Bacteria – None

• Yeast - None

Body system and Functions :Urinary system and primary functions are Waste Elimination,organs involved :Kidneys and Bladder

Test Results Time Frame : Regarding specimen acceptability, the CLSI Guidelines recommend urinalysis within two hours from sampling. If this is not possible, samples should be stored immediately at 4 °C. Further analyses should be performed within four hours (1). Urine cultures can be analyzed at 4 °C for a period of 24 hours (h) (10).

Test Description: A urinalysis may be obtained for numerous reasons. Most commonly, this test is indicated when clinicians suspect an infection and to evaluate for kidney and metabolic disorders. It is used as both a screening and diagnostic test.

Consent form Required :Yes

What could cause increased values :

• If your test shows high levels of urine albumin, or a rise in urine albumin, it could mean you have kidney damage or disease. If you have diabetes, one possible cause of an increased urine albumin is kidney disease (diabetic nephropathy).
• What could cause decreased values:
• If your urine sample is lower, this could indicate an environment conducive to kidney stones. Other conditions that prefer an acidic environment are: acidosis. dehydration.
• NURSING CARE
• Before test :
• The clean catch method aims to prevent bacteria from the skin of the private parts from contaminating the urine specimen. ... The most common reason to get a clean catch urine sample is to test for a urinary tract infection (UTI).
• Keeping your labia spread open, urinate a small amount into the toilet bowl, then stop the flow of urine.
• Hold the urine cup a few inches (or a few centimeters) from the urethra and urinate until the cup is about half full.
• You may finish urinating into the toilet bowl.

After test :

Ask the patient to hydrate well

Explain the when the patient will get results where to collect and how to followup .

factors affecting Laboratory Results :

High concentrations of particles in your urine can indicate that you're dehydrated. High pH levels can indicate urinary tract or kidney issues.
...
Dipstick test

• bilirubin, a product of red blood cell death.
• blood.
• protein.
• concentration or specific gravity.
• changes in pH levels or acidity.
• sugars.