Question

this assignment is called pharmacology not psychology please help

23. What is the placebo effect? Does it work with all patients? What is necessary for a placebo to be effective? 25. Explain why oral medications are absorbed slower than injectables. Why are sublingual medications faster acting than oral medications? 24. What are the advantages of injectable medications when rapid action is desired? What are the dangers of giving medications by injection? Why do drugs take longer to be absorbed after oral administration? 25. What is a side effect? What is an adverse reaction? How do these differ?

Answer 1

23. Placebo effect is the effect produced by a placebo treatment, means in absence of active drug in the dosage form, like simply making the tablets by the diluents like sucrose and not using the main drug molecule, further it works on the patient's belief and imparts the psychological based effects. No it is not effective in all cases of the patient; it is only effective in psychological, behavioral or dependency based cases. For placebo effects the patient's psychology is very important as he should not know that it is placebo, he/she should realize it as normal.

24. Oral medications are subjected to the first pass metabolism of liver and have to cross various physiological barriers to reach ultimately into the systemic circulation, thus their absorption is slower than injectables. Further sublingual medications are directly absorb the drug into the oral mucosa and then into the systemic circulation hence almost bypassing the major first pass metabolism. Hence it is faster than the regular oral medication.

25. When rapid action is required then the injection is best option as it by pass the first pass metabolism and directly delivers the medication into the systemic circulation. Hence rapid action. The only danger is you cannot retrieve the medication, and if little dose is deviated then it is dangerous. After oral administration it is subjected to first pass metabolism of liver and have to cross various physiological barriers to reach ultimately into the systemic circulation, thus their absorption is slower.

26. Adverse effects are unwanted or undesirable effects these are not beneficial, but side effects are secondary effects due to therapy it may be harmful or sometimes it may be beneficial also.

Example dryness of mouth a side effect of atropine is used during the operation to decrease the salivation of patient.

Also side effect of minoxidil of hair growing on face is used in the hair growing in baldness by using minoxidil topically on the scalp in % w/v solution.