Question

Identify nursing considerations before and after a cardiac catheterization. , m phyiology study iprocedures: echocardiogram., 4. Identify the rationale for performing a PTCZA Compa surgery, heart valve replacement, and heart transplantation, including interventions for each. 6. d contrast the following surgical procedures: closed-heart surgery, open-heart re a postoperative nursing 7. Explain the role of each of the following conditions as they contribute to cardiovascular disease: arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and Differentiate the following cardiac rhythm abnormalities: sinus tachycardia, sinus bradycardia, PVC, heart block, and fibrillation. hypotension oort failure, including possible causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostice

question 5 to 8.

Answer 1

4.Nursing consideration before cardiac catheterization are :-

- Explain the procedure

- informed consent

- NPO prior to procedure ( 8-12 hrs)

- check allergies ( IV dye, shellfish ,iodine )

- laboratory test

- IV access

- hemodynamic monitoring

- arterial and venous access by catheter

Nursing consideration after cardiac catheterization are :-

- maintain bed rest for 6 to 8 hours

- no weight lifting for 6 weeks

- extremity straight and HOB up <30 degrees

- maintain adequate hydration by providing IV fluids

- encourage fluids

- frequent monitoring for complications

- monitoring vital signs

- monitoring puncture site

- monitor distal pulses

- monitoring laboratory values

5.PTCA is percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

It is an invasive procedure done to open the atherosclerotic plague containing blood vessels. The blood vessels with the atherosclerotic plague blocks the blood supply to the heart and cause damage to myocardium and results in myocardial infarction. In this procedure a catheter with balloon and a stent at its tip is introduced into the blocked artery and the balloon is inflated which opens the blocked artery and puts the stent in position ,hence the coronary artery is opened .

6. Closed heart surgery is a type of heart surgery in which the chest is opened but there is no need to stop the heart or to use the heart - lung bypass machine . Most closed heart surgery deals with major blood vessels like aorta , pulmonary artery . Some of the closed heart surgeries are patent ductant arteriosus ligation , aortic coarctation repair.

Open heart surgery is a type of heart surgery in which the heart is literally opened and heart is stopped and the heart -lung bypass machine is used to carry out the function of heart - pumping of blood to the rest of the body .

Heart transplantation is the surgical procedure in which the diseased heart is removed and a new heart is transplanted for the proper functioning , when the present heart is in severe failure and all other surgical procedure has failed.

Heart valve replacement is also a major heart surgery in which repair or replacement of heart valves is done with the help of synthetic valves . It is in done in cases of mitral regurgitation ,mitral stenosis , aortic regurgitation , aortic stenosis.

Post Nursing intervention for all the above surgical procedure are :-

- maintain bed rest for 6 to 8 hours

- no weight lifting for 6 weeks

- monitoring vital signs

- monitoring for complications

- encouraging fluids

- maintaining hydration and electrolyte balance

- hemodynamic monitoring

- maintaining semi fowler's position

- monitoring the surgical site for infection

- dressing of the surgical site using aseptic technique

7.Atherosclerosis is a coronary disease in which plague blocks the blood supply to the heart causing angina and myocardial infarction.

Arterosclerosis is the stiffing and hardening of the coronary arteries walls causing deceased blood supply to the heart and hence infarction.

Hypotension and hypertension both affects the heart function . Hypotension leads to decreased blood supply to heart and decreases the cardiac output . Hypertension leads to vasoconstriction and decreases blood supply to heart and results in myocardial infarction.