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Hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypocalcemia, and hypercalcemia are commonly seen in emergency medicine. Severe abnormalities in any of these electrolytes can cause potentially life-threatening consequences to the patient. It is essential that the clinician understand and correct (if possible) the underlying cause of each disorder and recognize the importance of the rates of correction, especially with serum sodium disorders explain the importance of the electrolites mentioned above consequences and clinical manifestations on the patient. Please use 3 references to answer the question and answer to 3 of your class mates posts

Answer 1

2 16 3 17 4 18 22 23 24 25 Sat Week 02. 014-352 1 14 15 28 29 13 2012 kalemia - Potassium Excretion ончро ка! increased potassium excretion increased excredion of poter ssium poos especially coupled with intake is the most common cause of hypokalemia. Importance of potassium potassium is one of the body's Cleethelytes which are minerals that carry an eleedeic chers when dissolved in body fluids such as Blood.. pottassium is necessary for the noem al Functioning of cells Nelves and muscles. & The body must maintain the potassium level in blood within a narrow range (2) Hypeeka lemia- a high leve punday 15 the eleedrolyte potassium in the Blood Common causes of this symptom High potassium can have causes that arent due to underlying disease. Care

2012 Week 03.016-350 15 20 22 23 24 Tue 17 a doctor will typically diagnose hiperkalemia where levels of potassium are between-5.0-5.5mElit 3.5mEq a potassium level higher than 5.5 mmol/l is critically high and a postasium level over 6 mmolle can be life threadening. 21 W 03.017349T 2012 It also helps maintain stable Blood pressure levels. Nuemartly sodium level should be bedween 135 and 145 Megh. ③ Hyponatremia - a condition that occurs when the level of Sodium in the Blood is too low? with this condition, the body holds An in too much water. This dilates the numunt of Sodium in the Blood and causes lovels to be low importance of Sodium Sodium is an essential eleefeaty je that helps maintain the balance of wales in and around your Cells - is important for peoped muscle ina nelve function. = essential Sodium is a mineral thats for life. idis regulated in the body by ona kidneys and it helps Condeol our body's stand balance. It also helps send neele impuless and app ects mirscleo funedion. Having less sudium in ons died may help lowel od avoid high Blood pressure. once years ous body takes in enough sudium the kidneys get i rid of the rest in ong urine.. If the Sodium Blood lovers are tool high or doo low, at may mean that have a problem with kidneys dehydeandion de another medical Cond fron. Hypernudsemia. A high Concen the Blood enclation of Sodiumin

Wed 22 23 24 21 18 19 20 18 19 2 Work 03 - 019-3471 2012 20 2 , 09 • 016-346 3 14 15 16 17 27 28 29 30 31 ly importance of Calcium ovesview op Calcium's Role in the body. Callium is one of the body's electio lytes, which are minerals that carry an eleedere charge noction Hypeenadeqemia most often occurs in peple who don't deink reng enough watel. This is usually because of impaired thiast is body. Callium isch mental judgement. Examples include someone that carry seone an in body fluids With dementice o an infant when dissol at most of the who o has limited access to buils the such as Blood but most of bodyus calsium is uncharged. Hypeinat remia involves dehydration calcium is essential for seleman which can have many causes, including us bne and teeth. not drinking enough plunds, diasehea Kidney dysfunction, and diuretics. calcium is the most common. mainly people are thiesty, and mineral in the body and one of I hupernatremia worsens, then the most importand. The body may become confused os have needs it to build and pine bones muscle twitches and seizures. and teeth help neeves work, make museles Squeeze toga thed. help blood clot, and help the Hypocalcemia - heart woek, almost all of the I calcium in the body is slored in bone. A condition in which the blood hors too little Calcium. 10 Hyped calcemia - honcalcemia can be caused 700 merch Calcium in the blood my lack of Vitamin D. Hupee calcemia It can also signal a Condition of Huped calcemia is moeda is most I Counsed hu cansed by overactivity in the oflen this is small stlands in the neck. pour the pärethyloid glands The kidneys tiny my glands in the new grands in the neck ve Te posege

112154 25 26 27 28 15 29 Fri 2012 Wock 03. 020-340 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 30 31 16 17 18 19 20 21 N- 12 13 14 15 26 27 28 29 Week 04. 024-342T 2012 From canced. Extda calcium in Seeum the blood Sodium abnoemalidy is affects mam bodily Systems. a common electrolyte disoides. among hospitalized patients. Othes causes of hped calcemia. The prevalence of hyponatremia Include certain other medical disorders, some medications, ranges prom is to 30% in hospitalized patients and is assosialed cand taking too much of calcium with Pood clinical ontcomes. and vitamin D Supplemente. The treatment of trauma, The patient with calcium! patient become complicated when levels above 10.0 mg/dl the longst selem sodium abnormalities occue. is usually the peeson with the highest number of Complications Treatment and the one that has the more severe disease. It is incorrent Hypona tecemia can be collected to assume that a calcium of 12.2 by suid restriction, salt comes seom a fumos that is replice met, Vasopressin an lagonist older than one resulting in a of a combination of the three. In hypovolaemia, Correcting fluid blood calcium level of 10.8 mg/dla depletion with saline is the mainstay of therapy and will cosseet the relative wated excess. Hupeevolaemia requires treatment of the underlying disordee and plund restension alone be with a vasopressing antagonist, while warled sesleicduon Scanned with with os without salt replacement is CamScanner indicated whe euvolaemia is present.