Question

Please note: The chart needs to be filled out in addition to the questions as that is part of this exercise. I am to figure out what the sensor would be (and so on so forth) for each example listed at the top. I need to understand what part of the body would be the stimulus, sensor, pathway, etc for each example based off which ever feedback loop.

The below chart needs to be filled out in regards to the type of feedback, negative or positive. Identify each component based off the example. For example what is stimulus for blood glucose homeostasis, list in the appropriate square.

When the chart is filled out proceed to the questions below and answer those.

Component of the Feedback Mechanism	Negative Feedback		Positive Feedback
	Blood glucose homeostasis	Blood pressure homeostasis	Childbirth	Action potential
Stimulus
Sensor or Receptor
Afferent Information Pathway
Integrating Center
Efferent Information Pathway
Target or Effector
Response

Questions.

1. Is it possible for the integrator and efferent information pathway and target all be the cell body structure? Explain.
2. Is it possible for a single pathway to have multiple integration centers? Explain.
3. Is it possible for a single pathway to have multiple effectors or targets? Explain.
4. For delivering of the baby, what is a relative length of time for the positive feedback to occur?
5. What is the relative feedback time:
   1. For blood glucose regulation?
6. 2. For blood pressure?
7. 3. For childbirth?
   4. The action potential?

Answer 1

Efferent pathways carry signals away from the central nervous system. Essentially, they are signals that the brain sends to tell our body to do something, like blinking. Afferent signals come from outside stimuli and tell the brain what they are sensing, such as temperature.

   The cell body is the spherical part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and connects to the dendrites, which bring information into the neuron, and the axon, which sends information to other neurons. The job of the cell body is to control all of the functions of the cell.The cell bodies of other PNS neurons, such as the sensory neurons that provide information about touch, position, pain, and temperature, are located outside of the CNS, where they are found in clusters known as ganglia.

Single pathway to have multiple integration centres

When a reflex arc consists of only one sensory neuron and one motor neuron, it is defined as monosynaptic, referring to the presence of a single chemical synapse. In the case of peripheral muscle reflexes (patellar reflex, achilles reflex), brief stimulation to the muscle spindle results in contraction of the agonist or effector muscle. By contrast, in polysynaptic reflex pathways, one or more interneurons connect afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) signals. All but the most simple reflexes are polysynaptic, allowing processing or inhibition of polysynaptic reflexes within the brain.

Feedback time for Glucose regulation

The negative feedback loops associated with blood sugar regulation.

When blood sugar is too high (hyperglycemia) the Beta cells in the pancreas produce insulin to initiate the cascade of events that allows glucose to enter the body cells, reducing blood sugar.

When blood sugar is too low (hypoglycemia) glucagon is produced by the alpha cells in the pancreas to initiate the cascade of events allowing glycogen stored in the liver to be converted into glucose and put into the bloodstream so that blood sugar will rise back to normal. Soon after delivery the blood glucose can become normal.

Blood pressure

After birth, women's blood pressure usually remains high for a while, taking about 2–12 weeks to come back to normal.

Child Birth

Starts with the onset of true labour pain and ends with full dilatation of the cervix i.e. 10 cm in diameter. It takes about 10-14 hours in primigravida and about 6-8 hours in multipara.

Action potential

During pregnancy, circular muscle activity changes from weak irregular contractions at midterm to strong regular contractions at term.