Question

Please answer ALL of the following questions.

1. A) Which type of hormonal disorder is due to improper production or release of control hormones in the hypothalamus?

B) Which type is due to improper release of the hormone by the peripheral target gland or organ?

2. You examine a patient presenting with excessive glucocorticoid levels, increased upper body obesity, a moon face and behavioral changes.  A) Which condition would you suspect this individual has?  B) What effect would this condition have on the blood glucose levels of this patient?

3. A) What effect would you predict that a low iodine diet would have on proliferation of thyroid gland cells? B) What hormone is being overproduced to trigger the result in A?

4. A patient with a pituitary tumor exhibits signs of hyperkalemia, elevated blood pressure, suppressed immune function and sexual dysfunction.  A) Which hormone(s) in the target gland or organ is/are affected because of this tumor? B) Which hormone do you predict is missing or not expressed in this condition?

5) A young child is examined for possible symptoms of diabetes mellitus.  He presents with an inability to produce and release insulin from his pancreas.  Interestingly, antibodies are detected, circulating in his bloodstream, that seem to attack and destroy specific pancreatic cells.  A) Based upon this information, what type of diabetes does the young child most likely have? B) Which type of cell is most likely being destroyed by the antibodies in A?

6. A patient admitted for complications from diabetes is exhibiting a deep breathing pattern that is beyond normal breathing patterns.  What secondary complication from the diabetes may be responsible for the breathing pattern you observe?

7. A patient admitted into the hospital has been diagnosed as having a tumor that is overproducing insulin.  What could you do to minimize the metabolic problem in this patient?

Answer 1

2a. Cushing syndrome where cortisol levels are elevated.

b. Increased cortisol causes body tissues (muscle and fat) to be less sensitive to insulin. As a result, more glucose is available in the bloodstream.

3.a. Thyroid cells are the only cells in the body which can absorb iodine. These cells combine iodine and the amino acid tyrosine to make T3 and T4. The function of the thyroid gland is to take iodine, found in many foods, and convert it into thyroid hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) THus if there is low iodine in the diet then it means the formation of thyroid hormones would suffer.

b. As the iodine gets deficient in the diet the thyroid hormone s are also reduced in amounts. In an attempt to increase these hormones TSH increases.

4a. Adrenocorticotropic hormone

b. cortisol levels are low, ACTH levels are raised

5a. Type 1 or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

b. Insulin is formed from the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. These cells are destroyed in type 1 diabetes by autoantibodies formed in one`s own body.

6. Ketoacidosis and Kussmaul breathing.

Rapid or laboured breathing, known as Kussmaul breathing, can be a symptom of diabetic ketoacidosis. Ketoacidosis is a short term complication of diabetes caused by very high blood glucose levels accompanied by a high level of ketones in the blood.

7. The main treatment for insulinoma is surgery to remove the tumour. Most of the time, that will cure you.

for the first answer, I am not very sure.