Question

Hello, I just need a change to the words for each one of the paragraphs, to say the same thing but with other words and at the end of each write two sentences saying how that journal or book will help me with a research paper about candida glabrata

Please and thank you

Charlet, R., Bortolus, C., Barbet, M., Sendid, B., & Jawhara, S. (2018). A decrease in anaerobic bacteria promotes Candida glabrata overgrowth while β-glucan treatment restores the gut microbiota and attenuates colitis. Gut Pathogens, 10(1), N.PAG. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-018-0277-2

The intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in the maintenance of gut homeostasis. Changes in crosstalk between the intestinal epithelial cells, immune cells and the microbiota are critically involved in the development of inflammatory bowel disease. In the experimental mouse model, the development of colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) promotes overgrowth of the opportunistic yeast pathogen Candida glabrata. Conversely, fungal colonization aggravates inflammatory parameters. In the present study, we explored the effect of C. glabrata colonization on the diversity of the gut microbiota in a DSS-induced colitis model, and determined the impact of soluble β-glucans on C. glabrata-host interactions. Results: Mice were administered a single inoculum of C. glabrataand were exposed to DSS treatment for 2 weeks in order to induce acute colitis. For β-glucan treatment, mice were administered with soluble β-glucans purified from C. glabrata (3 mg per mouse), orally and daily, for 5 days, starting on day 1. The number of C. glabrata colonies and changes in microbiota diversity were assessed in freshly collected stool samples from each tagged mouse, using traditional culture methods based on agar plates. An increase in Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis populations and a reduction in Lactobacillus johnsonii and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron were observed during colitis development. This decrease in L. johnsonii was significantly accentuated by C. glabrata overgrowth. Oral administration of β-glucans to mice decreased the overgrowth of aerobic bacteria and IL-1β expression while L. johnsonii and B. thetaiotaomicron populations increased significantly. β-glucan treatment increased IL-10 production via PPARγ sensing, promoting the attenuation of colitis and C. glabrata elimination. Conclusions: This study shows that the colonic inflammation alters the microbial balance, while β-glucan treatment increases the anaerobic bacteria and promotes colitis attenuation and C. glabrata elimination.

Chillemi, V., Lo Passo, C., Diepeningen, A., Rharmitt, S., Delfino, D., Cascio, A., … Scordino, F. (2016). Multilocus microsatellite analysis of European and African Candida glabrata isolates. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 35(6), 885–892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-016-2610-3

This study aimed to elucidate the genetic relatedness and epidemiology of 127 clinical and environmental Candida glabrata isolates from Europe and Africa using multilocus microsatellite analysis. Each isolate was first identified using phenotypic and molecular methods and subsequently, six unlinked microsatellite loci were analyzed using automated fluorescent genotyping. Genetic relationships were estimated using the minimum-spanning tree (MStree) method. Microsatellite analyses revealed the existence of 47 different genotypes. The fungal population showed an irregular distribution owing to the over-representation of genetically different infectious haplotypes. The most common genotype was MG-9, which was frequently found in both European and African isolates. In conclusion, the data reported here emphasize the role of specific C. glabrata genotypes in human infections for at least some decades and highlight the widespread distribution of some isolates, which seem to be more able to cause disease than others

Ibilibor, C., & Cammack, J. T. (2018). Candida glabrata: A Unique Cause of Necrotizing Urethritis. Case Reports in Infectious Diseases, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5263438

Necrotizing urethritis is a rare malady with only one other case reported in the literature found to be due to an infectious cause. We report a case of necrotizing urethritis caused by Candida glabrata and review all relevant literature to date. The patient is a 56-year-old man with a past medical history significant for poorly controlled insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus and incomplete bladder emptying who presented to the University Medical Center with perineal pain, fever, and urinary retention. Cross-sectional imaging showed emphysematous changes in the bulb of the corpus spongiosum. After admission, his fever and leukocytosis persisted, and his physical exam worsened with intravenous antibiotics alone. Subsequently, the patient underwent cystourethroscopy with incision and debridement of the corpus spongiosum. Postoperatively, he improved clinically and his spongiosum wound and urine grew Candida glabrata. To our knowledge, we report the first case of necrotizing urethritis caused by Candida glabrata

Shi, R., Zhou, Q., Fang, R., Xiong, X., & Wang, Q. (2018). Severe acute pancreatitis with blood infection by Candida glabrata complicated severe agranulocytosis: a case report. BMC Infectious Diseases, 18(1), N.PAG. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3623-6

Blood infection with Candida glabrata often occurs in during severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). It complicate severe agranulocytosis has not been reported. Case Presentation: We present a case where a SAP patient presenting with a sudden hyperpyrexia was treated for 19 days. We monitored her routine blood panel and CRP levels once or twice daily. The results showed that WBC count decreased gradually. And the lowest level of WBC was appeared at the 21st day of treatment. During treatment, Candida glabratawas identified as the infecting agent through blood culture, drainage tubes culture and gene detection. During anti-infection therapy, the patient had severe agranulocytosis. With control of the infection, her WBC and granulocyte counts gradually returned to the normal range. Conclusions: Blood infection with Candida glabrata can complicate severe agranulocytosis

Zhu, Z., Huang, Z., Li, Z., Li, X., Du, C., & Tian, Y. (2018). Multiple brain abscesses caused by infection with Candida glabrata: A case report. Experimental & Therapeutic Medicine, 15(3), 2374–2380. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.5692

The present case report described the initial diagnosis of a 25‑year old female with a brain abscess consisting of two lesions 0.2 and 2.9 cm3 in volume. The patient was initially treated with antibiotics; however, 2 months following initial treatment, the patient's condition deteriorated and she became vegetative. Following transfer to the China‑Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University (Jilin, China) the two lesions had grown in volume to 9.0 and 13.0 cm3, respectively. The results of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and plasma 1‑3‑β‑D‑glucan activity suggested a possible fungal infection. Subsequently, a stereotactic biopsy was conducted, fluid was cultured and itraconazole treatment was initiated. Analysis of cultures confirmed a Candida glabrata infection and antifungal treatment was continued. Shortly following surgery, the patient regained consciousness and the ability to eat and speak. A follow‑up MRI 8 months following biopsy confirmed disappearance of all lesions and no recurrence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first English‑language report of a brain abscess caused primarily by Candida glabrata.

Answer 1

Candida glabrata belongs to the class of saccharomyces and belongs to genus candida. In the process of hemostasis, it plays an important role as it monitors the intestinal epithelial cell, immune cells and microbiota which are involved in the development of inflammatory bowel disease.

In the experimental mouse model, the development of colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) promotes overgrowth of the opportunistic yeast pathogen Candida glabrata. Conversely, fungal colonization aggravates inflammatory parameters. In the present study, we explored the effect of C. glabrata colonization on the diversity of the gut microbiota in a DSS-induced colitis model, and determined the impact of soluble β-glucans on C. glabrata-host interactions. Results: Mice were administered a single inoculum of C. glabrataand were exposed to DSS treatment for 2 weeks in order to induce acute colitis. For β-glucan treatment, mice were administered with soluble β-glucans purified from C. glabrata (3 mg per mouse), orally and daily, for 5 days, starting on day 1. The number of C. glabrata colonies and changes in microbiota diversity were assessed in freshly collected stool samples from each tagged mouse, using traditional culture methods based on agar plates.

Candida glabrata infection and antifungal treatment was continued. Shortly following surgery, the patient regained consciousness and the ability to eat and speak. A follow‑up MRI 8 months following biopsy confirmed disappearance of all lesions and no recurrence.