Question

When the left ventricle contracts, blood forces out of the ventricle into the ___________ and out into the body.

When the blood leaves the heart and passes through the aorta, it continues on into smaller vessels called __________________ that extend throughout the body. As the blood travels through each artery, the artery gradually _________________ in diameter becoming first an arterial and then a capillary.

Drugs that cause vasoconstriction _______________ the diameter of blood vessels, whereas drugs that cause vasodilation ________________ the diameter of blood vessels.

CO = ____________ X ____________.

Angiotensin 2 is a powerful vasoconstrictor that stimulates the _______________ to decrease salt and water excretion. It also stimulates the release of _______________ by the adrenal gland.

In addition to contractility of the heart, volume of blood and diameter of the blood vessels, additional factors that affect blood flow include: _______________ and _______________.

Hypertension is an elevation of blood pressure caused by either an increase in ________________ or _______________, sometime both.

The prototype drug for ace inhibitors is________________ and work by blocking production of _______________.

ACE Inhibitors - (Click Safety Alert): many patients who take an ACE inhibitor are plagued with an unrelenting ________________ which is not dangerous, but bothersome.

ARBs, such as the prototype: ________________ treats hypertension by ________________ the arterial vessels.

When caring for patients who are on an ARB monitor ________________ before giving a dose of losartan. If severe hypotension does occur, manage it by expanding blood volume using ______________________.

The primary side effect of aldosterone antagonists, such as spironolactone (Aldactone) is _________________ due to their __________________ effects.

Calcium channel blockers treat mild to moderate _______________ and one side effect is reflex ________________.

A provider can give nifedipine along with a ________________ to prevent tachycardia.

Calcium Channel Blockers - (Click Safety Alert): _______________ should be avoided in patients who are taking calcium channel blockers due to a risk of enhancement of adverse effects due to _____________ serum levels.

Alpha 1 Adrenergic Blockers treat hypertension and ________________ by blocking alpha 1 adrenergic receptors which blocks _______________ effects.

A common side effect with Alpha 1 Adrenergic Blockers is _______________, especially with first dose and dose increases. Monitor for this side effect and an increase in pulse ___________ hours after first does or dose increases.

Beta Adrenergic Blockers treat ________________, ________________, ________________, ________________ and can be used to decrease mortality following myocardial infarction.

Beta Adrenergic Blockers decrease heart rate and contractility, which ______________ cardiac output.

Centrally Acting Alpha 2 Agonists, such as the prototype _____________ treat hypertension and when administered by epidural infusion treats severe ________________.

Centrally Acting Alpha 2 Agonists can result in the following CNS effects: _________________ and ________________ .

When administering a Centrally Acting Alpha 2 Agonist as a transdermal patch, be sure to ________________ the site and ______________ the old patch before reapplying a new patch.

Alpha/Beta Blockers- (Click Safety Alert): Alpha/Beta Blockers can cause _______________. When administering one of these medications, it is important to check the patients heart rate to make sure it is above _________ beats per minute.

When giving Alpha/Beta Blockers, giving with ___________ helps to minimize orthostatic ___________.

The prototype drug for Direct Acting Vasodilator is _____________. This class of medication dilates arterioles, which _____________ peripheral resistance, ______________ arterial blood pressure and increases heart rate.

When taking a Direct Acting Vasodilator, advise patients that tachycardia, ___________ and ___________ may occur 2 to 4 hours following the first dose and they should notify the provider if these effects don’t subside on their own.

Adverse effects of thiazide diuretics are ___________ and ___________ imbalances.

When patients take thiazide diuretics with lithium this may cause lithium ___________.

Loop diuretics, such as _____________ are powerful diuretics that treat pulmonary edema in _____________.

The only cardiac glycoside available in the US is _______________. When giving this class of medication, the ___________ pulse must be taken for a full minute prior to administering. The medication should be withheld if the pulse falls below parameters, generally ___________ beats per minute.

The categories of medications that support the treatment of coronary heart disease are: _______________ and _______________.

Statins reduce ___________ and increase ___________. Overall, they reduce the risk and prevent cardiovascular disease such as _____________.

Nitrates both treat and prevent ________________. The prototype drug in this class is:

__________________.

Dysrhythmia is a term that addresses any change in the hearts normal ______________. The classes of drugs for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias include: sodium channel blockers, __________________, potassium channel blockers and ________________.

The prototype for Class 1B/Sodium Channel Blockers is _________________. When administering this medication, inform the patient to report numbness of _________________ or unusual sensations to staff.

Answer 1

●left ventricles collects the oxygenated blood it has pulmonary artery arising from it the blood collected in the left ventricle through the aorta enters the systemic circulation and that is in to the body.

●After the blood reaches the aorta it fragments into smaller blood vessels called as arteries this extents throughout the body.The size of the blood vessels decreases in diameter becomes the first arterial line and then capillaries

●The vasoconstrictor drugs generally  constricts or decreases the diameter of the blood vessels the vasodilator usually dilates or increases the diameter of the blood vessels

●cardiac output refers to the product received from multiplying the heart rate with stroke volume