Question

1. When the left ventricle contracts, blood forces out of the ventricle into the ___________ and out into the body.
2. When the blood leaves the heart and passes through the aorta, it continues on into smaller vessels called __________________ that extend throughout the body. As the blood travels through each artery, the artery gradually _________________ in diameter becoming first an arterial and then a capillary.
3. Drugs that cause vasoconstriction _______________ the diameter of blood vessels, whereas drugs that cause vasodilation ________________ the diameter of blood vessels.
4. CO = ____________ X ____________.
5. Angiotensin 2 is a powerful vasoconstrictor that stimulates the _______________ to decrease salt and water excretion. It also stimulates the release of _______________ by the adrenal gland.
6. In addition to contractility of the heart, volume of blood and diameter of the blood vessels, additional factors that affect blood flow include: _______________ and _______________.
7. Hypertension is an elevation of blood pressure caused by either an increase in ________________ or _______________, sometime both.
8. The prototype drug for ace inhibitors is________________ and work by blocking production of _______________.
9. ACE Inhibitors - (Click Safety Alert): many patients who take an ACE inhibitor are plagued with an unrelenting ________________ which is not dangerous, but bothersome.
10. ARBs, such as the prototype: ________________ treats hypertension by ________________ the arterial vessels.
11. When caring for patients who are on an ARB monitor ________________ before giving a dose of losartan. If severe hypotension does occur, manage it by expanding blood volume using ______________________.
12. The primary side effect of aldosterone antagonists, such as spironolactone (Aldactone) is _________________ due to their __________________ effects.
13. Calcium channel blockers treat mild to moderate _______________ and one side effect is reflex ________________.
14. A provider can give nifedipine along with a ________________ to prevent tachycardia.
15. Calcium Channel Blockers - (Click Safety Alert): _______________ should be avoided in patients who are taking calcium channel blockers due to a risk of enhancement of adverse effects due to _____________ serum levels.
16. Alpha 1 Adrenergic Blockers treat hypertension and ________________ by blocking alpha 1 adrenergic receptors which blocks _______________ effects.
17. A common side effect with Alpha 1 Adrenergic Blockers is _______________, especially with first dose and dose increases. Monitor for this side effect and an increase in pulse ___________ hours after first does or dose increases.
18. Beta Adrenergic Blockers treat ________________, ________________, ________________, ________________ and can be used to decrease mortality following myocardial infarction.
19. Beta Adrenergic Blockers decrease heart rate and contractility, which ______________ cardiac output.
20. Centrally Acting Alpha 2 Agonists, such as the prototype _____________ treat hypertension and when administered by epidural infusion treats severe ________________.
21. Centrally Acting Alpha 2 Agonists can result in the following CNS effects: _________________ and ________________ .  
22. When administering a Centrally Acting Alpha 2 Agonist as a transdermal patch, be sure to ________________ the site and ______________ the old patch before reapplying a new patch.
23. Alpha/Beta Blockers- (Click Safety Alert): Alpha/Beta Blockers can cause _______________. When administering one of these medications, it is important to check the patients heart rate to make sure it is above _________ beats per minute.
24. When giving Alpha/Beta Blockers, giving with ___________ helps to minimize orthostatic ___________.
25. The prototype drug for Direct Acting Vasodilator is _____________. This class of medication dilates arterioles, which _____________ peripheral resistance, ______________ arterial blood pressure and increases heart rate.
26. When taking a Direct Acting Vasodilator, advise patients that tachycardia, ___________ and ___________ may occur 2 to 4 hours following the first dose and they should notify the provider if these effects don’t subside on their own.
27. Adverse effects of thiazide diuretics are ___________ and ___________ imbalances.
28. When patients take thiazide diuretics with lithium this may cause lithium ___________.
29. Loop diuretics, such as _____________ are powerful diuretics that treat pulmonary edema in _____________.
30. The only cardiac glycoside available in the US is _______________. When giving this class of medication, the ___________ pulse must be taken for a full minute prior to administering. The medication should be withheld if the pulse falls below parameters, generally ___________ beats per minute.
31. The categories of medications that support the treatment of coronary heart disease are: _______________ and _______________.
32. Statins reduce ___________ and increase ___________. Overall, they reduce the risk and prevent cardiovascular disease such as _____________.
33. Nitrates both treat and prevent ________________. The prototype drug in this class is:

__________________.

34. Dysrhythmia is a term that addresses any change in the hearts normal ______________. The classes of drugs for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias include: sodium channel blockers, __________________, potassium channel blockers and ________________.
35. The prototype for Class 1B/Sodium Channel Blockers is _________________. When administering this medication, inform the patient to report numbness of _________________ or unusual sensations to staff.

Answer 1

1. Aorta

2. Arteries

gradually decrease

3. Vasoconstriction decreases

Vasodilatation increases

4. CO (Cardiac Output) = HR (Heart Rate) $\times$ SV (Stroke Volume)

5. Stimulates the kidneys

release of aldosterone