Question

1. What is precision Medicine? Explain. What are the underlying principles of Precision Medicine?

Answer 1

Ans) Precision medicine is a medical model that proposes the customization of healthcare, with medical decisions, treatments, practices, or products being tailored to the individual patient.

- Personalized medicine, because it is based on each patient's unique genetic makeup, is beginning to overcome the limitations of traditional medicine. Increasingly it is allowing health care providers to: shift the emphasis in medicine from reaction to prevention. predict susceptibility to disease.

- Precision medicine is an approach to developing drugs that focuses on employing biomarkers to stratify patients in clinical trials with the goal of improving efficacy and/or safety outcomes, ultimately increasing the odds of clinical success and drug approval. Precision medicine is an important tool for toxicologists to utilize, because its principles can be used to decide whether to pursue a drug target, to understand interindividual differences in response to drugs in both nonclinical and clinical settings, to aid in selecting doses that optimize efficacy or reduce adverse events, and to facilitate understanding of a drug’s mode-of-action. Nonclinical models such as the mouse and non-human primate can be used to understand genetic variation and its potential translation to humans, and are available for toxicologists to employ in advance of drugs moving into clinical development. Understanding interindividual differences in response to drugs and how these differences can influence the drug’s risk-benefit profile and lead to the identification of biomarkers that enhance patient efficacy and safety is of critical importance for toxicologists today, and in the future, as the fields of pharmacogenomics and genetics continue to advance.