Question

Write 1000 words essay or prose

A.values from serum

B.values from CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

C.value from stool

D.values from urine

csf-cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 1

1. Write the essay on values from serum in the following ways

1. Define serum
2. Describe the components of serum
3. What is the procedure of blood collection? ( Indications and complication)
4. Which type of bulbs or vacutainers are used for extracting serum
5. How serum is extracted from blood?
6. Which tests require serum?
   1. liver function test
   2. Renal function test
   3. Electrolytes
   4. Connective tissue profile
7. The diseases that can be diagnosed with a serum test.

2. Include and elaborate on the following points when writing an essay on 'values of CSF'

1. How is CSF produced? ( Its site of production and its circulation)
2. Describe the spinal fluid aspiration procedure.
   1. Indication
   2. Prerequisite test - eye examination for papilloedema. Papilloedema suggests raised intracranial tension. Performing CSF aspiration in such a situation can cause a transtentorial and trans-uncal herniation of the brain.
   3. Procedure
   4. Complication
3. Physical and cyto-biochemical examination of the fluid. (appearance, specific gravity, cells, total protein, sugar)
4. Microbiological examination of the CSF fluid.
5. Examples of CSF reports in disease state - Meningitis, Tuberculous meningitis, Gillian barre syndrome.

3. Include and elaborate on the following points when writing an essay on 'values of Stool'

1. Indications
2. Method of collection
3. How a stool sample is examined - physical examination and microbiological
4. Things assessed in the stool sample - mucus, blood, parasite, bacteria, fat
5. Interpretation of stool examination report.

4. Include and elaborate on the following points when writing an essay on 'values of Urine)

1. Indications of urine analysis
2. Method of obtaining urine sample (Pre-collection antisepsis and midstream urine, supra-pubic collection, from urinary cathether)
3. Examination of urine
   1. physical examination - color, smell, specific gravity
   2. components studied
      1. glucose
      2. protein
      3. Electrolyte (Na, K, Cl)
      4. Urine anion gap ( calculation and interpretation)
      5. Osmolarity
      6. White blood cells
      7. Urinary antigen test for legionella
4. Urine culture ( culture sensitivity, Genexpert)
5. Dipstick tests
   1. Protein
   2. Nitrite
   3. leucocyte esterase
6. Diseases where urine analysis is commonly done