Question

2. Listten items to assess for the client's health history r/t Gl and renal systems: 3. Describe physical examination techniques for Gl system, including techniques, equipment, order of assessment, normal findings: 4. List one health promotion/counseling measures related to each listed disorder: Health promotion/counseling measure Disorder Alcohol abuse hepatitis Colorectal cancer Urinary incontinence

Answer 1

The items / equipment that can be used for gastro intestinal or renal systems are

• Endoscopic ultrasound : This can be used to examine the upper and lower intestinal tracts.
• Barium enema or X ray : This is an x ray taken by giving barium meal for the proper visualization of GI tract.
• Colonoscope /Sigmoidoscope equipment.
• Gastroscope : Used to perform oesophagogastroduodeno endoscopy
• Endoscopic snare : Used to remove the abdominal polyps or remove the foreign body from the alimentary canal
• Balloon dilator: Used for the inflation of certain organs for the easy visualization.
• Renal Ultrasound
• CT Urogram machine : Used to evaluate Urogram and kidneys.
• Renal Scintigraph machine can be used to take multiple renal scans.
• Renal angiogram machine : Used to visualize closer blood supply to the kidneys.

Techniques used for physical examination of GI system are

Inspection : place the patient in the supine position ,place a small pillow underneath the knees and examine each abdominal quadrant.

Auscultation: Always while performing abdominal examination palpation is performed after auscultation as palpation makes to alter the bowel sounds.The physician listens over the rubs of the liver and also bruits and bowel sounds.The bowel sounds are examined for intensity and duration.

Palpation : Palpation can be done using flat of the hands, fingers but not the finger tips.This is performed to determine the abnormal masses, tenderness, sharp or blunt edges.

Percussion : This can be done to check the liver size and abnormal gas collections.

Normal findings of abdominal palpation :

• Gurgling sounds of the abdomen
• Muffled sounds over fluid filled or solid organs.
• Normal size and shape of the organs with out any enlargement.

​​​​​​​Health promotion counselling measures :

Alcohol abuse : Examples of supporting scientific evidence

Hepatitis : Education on screening and preventive measures, safety precautions

Urinary incontinenence : Education of uses of drinking more water or taking more amount of fluids Avoiding holding of urine during emergency.

Colorectal cancer : Educating the importance of taking healthy diet, practices of effective defecation process, Education of taking lesser gas forming foods.