Question

Body Systems:

Skeletal: Bones provide joints or levers for motion potential but can only move via muscle acting on the bones and joints. The skeleton system has two parts, axial and appendicular. Explain the two parts axial and appendicular, and give an example of each.

Muscular: There are three types of muscles. Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth. Research each muscle and their relationship to movement, and compare and contrast their relationship to movement.

Nervous: The nervous system enables the body to react to continuos changes in its internal and external environments. The nervous system controls and intergrate various body activities. Compare and contrast the nervous system CNS and PNS as related to various body activities.

In order to render first aid care effectively, it is vital to know about the human body. In order to understand how these system performs, it is feasible in knowing the structure and functions of how the body works.

Define the following positions, and give an example of each.

Anatomical position

Supine position

Prone position

Lateral recumbent position

Define the following directions and location, and give an example of each.

Superior

Inferior

Anterior

Posterior

Medial

Lateral

Superficial

Modified HAINES recovery position

The Body's Framework: The Skeletal System

Describe the main structure and functions of the skeletal system. There are a total of 206 bones in the human body. Name at least 50 bones, and give their functions.

Answer 1

skeleton system is divided into two: axial and appendicular skeletal system

axial skeleton

Axial skeleton forms the longitudinal axis of the skeleton which comprises of skull, thorax and vertebral column.

• the skull consists of two sets of bone; cranium and facial bones. cranium protects brain tissues and facial bones help to smile. cranium consists of 8 bones and facial bones of 14.
• the vertebral column (spine) formed from 26 irregular bones, gives axial support to the body.(cervical vertebrae- 7, thoracic vertebrae-12, sacrum -5, and coccyx- 2 (fused 3-5 small bones)).
• the thorax is formed from sternum, ribs and thoracic vertebrae protect smooth vital organs like lungs and heart.

appendicular skeleton

Appendicular skeleton comprises of bones of upper and lower extremities (126) and pelvic (two hip bones) and pectoral girdles(scapula, clavicle)which attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.

• upper extremities formed by 30 bones(arm, forearm and hand).
• lower extremities have stronger bones than upper limbs to bear the weight of the human body. (femur of the thigh, tibia and fibula of the leg and tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges.

the muscular system

there are three types of muscles; smooth muscles( muscles of internal organs )

cardiac muscles ( heart muscle)

skeletal muscle ( muscles attached to the bone, helps in movement, posture maintenance, stabilises joint and heat generation)

both smooth and cardiac muscles are involuntary muscle and skeletal muscle is voluntary.

two types of skeletal muscle- slow twitch muscle ( can work for a long time without any tiredness)

fast twitch muscle ( better for rapid movements, consumes more energy, so get tired easily)

skeletal muscle produces heat as a byproduct of muscle activity. can consciously control muscle activity.

smooth muscles found in the walls of hollow organs like intestine or stomach. they push food by contraction through the body.and all actions are involuntary.

cardiac muscles- cardiac muscles work without tiredness and only found in the heart and works automatically. it contracts to pump blood and dilates to refill.

nervous system

• brain and spinal cord form central nervous system while nerves in extremities form peripheral nervous system.
• the peripheral nervous system has more potential to regenerate after injury than central nervous system
• peripheral nervous system carries signals to and from the sensory organs to the central nervous system.
• the central nervous system has mainly two functions: process information in response signal obtained from sensory organs like eyes, nose, tongue etcetera. by the peripheral nervous system, and information from internal receptors.also control simple reflex activity (withdrawing of the finger in case of any cut or burn)

Anatomical position- A person standing upright, looking directly forwards, with arms kept both sides of the body with palms facing forwards and feet flat and directed forward.

supine position -lying horizontally with face and torso facing up. used in surgeries to head and neck or thoracic etcetera.

prone position- position of the body lying face down ( ventral side down and dorsal side up)