Question

1. Discuss the scope of the problem of adverse drug reactions.
2. Discuss definitions for adverse drug reactions (e.g., side effect, toxicity, allergic reaction, idiosyncratic effect, iatrogenic disease, physical dependence, carcinogenic effect, and teratogenic effect).
3. Discuss organ-specific toxicity. Focus on the liver as a drug-metabolizing system and explain why it is such a crucial participant in organ-specific toxicity with drugs.
4. Discuss how and why adverse drug reactions occur, given that for a prescription drug to be approved for use, it must have demonstrated and been documented for safety, and also given the explicit printed information provided about such facts as doses, routes, interactions, and so on.
5. Discuss adverse reactions to new drugs and the importance of being alert for unusual responses when giving new drugs. Also point out the importance of informing other nurses where to report unknown adverse effects of a new drug and of accessing a website where information on adverse effects can be reported.
6. Discuss measures that can be used to minimize adverse drug events.
7. Define medication errors and explain what constitutes an error, as well as who makes errors.
8. Discuss types of medication errors, causes of medication errors, ways to reduce medication errors, and ways to report medication errors.

Answer 1

Q. No. 1. Scope of the problem of adverse drug reactions:

* knowing of adverse drug reaction problem is very important to reduce severe complications in the population.

* some of the drugs may causes adverse drug reactions like skin rashes, redness, itching, gastrointestinal bleeding and heartburn ect.

* particularly important for newer drugs.

* so before giving a newer drug to the patients the test dose is important to know the drug will cause for reaction or not in those particular patients.

Q. No 2. Answer :

Side effect definition :

Side effects are adverse effects these are unwanted or unexpected events or reactions to an medication or drug, these side effects are varies from minor to life threatening.

That is from runny nose to death.

Toxicity definition :

Drug toxicity means the level of damage or affect the entire system or organ, these are depending on drug dosages.

Allergic reaction definition :

It is defined as an abnormal reaction of our immune system to a medication those are skin rashes, or fever ect.

Idiosyncratic effect definition :

These are also known as type B reactions, these reactions are occurs in the population rarely and with out expectation. Example : Allergic to air.

Teratogenic effect :

It is defined as it can destruct the development of fetus and embryo by taking medicine of pregnant women, these medicine can transmit through placenta.

Q. No 6. Answer :

Measures can use decreasing adverse drug events :

* Follow all rights of drugs administration like right dose, right route, right patient, right drug, right documentation, right site. Ect.

* give test dose before administration of any new drug.

* create awareness regarding medications to the clients and users.

* use evidence based practices, like low side effects drugs.

Q. No. 7. Answer :

Medication error:

Medication error it is defined as it is a preventable event that may leads to inappropriate medication usage .

These medications are under the control of professionals, patients ,or consumers.

Medication errors made by physicians or nursing staff and patients or consumers due to some look a like, sound a like medicine.