Question

must choose a type of cancer to write about.must write exactly one page, no more, no less. 1 in margins top, bottom, right and left, 1.5 spacing, size 12 font time or time new roman.

a. what causes this cancer (be very specific) and the number of cases per year in the world and USA population.

b. diagnosis (be specific) and prognosis and how this cancer is progressed to different stages.

c. treatment options and survivorship.

Answer 1

Kidney Cancer

In the US ,over 39000 new cases of kidney cancer are diagnosed each year and about 12800 people die from kidney cancer.Kidney cancers arise from the cortex or pelvis.Tumors arising from both areas maybe benign or malignant.However , malignant tumors are more frequent.Renal cell carcinoma is the most common type.Adenocarcinoma occurs twice as often in men as in women and is typically discovered when the person is 50 to 70 years old.Cigarette smoking isthe most significant riskfactor for the development of renal cell carcinoma.An increased incidence has also been seen in first-degree relatives.Other risk factors are obesity,hypertension and exposure to asbestos,cadmium and gasoline.The risk is also increased for those who have acquired cystic disease of the kidney associated with end-stage renal disease.

Many kidney cancers are diagnosed as incidental findings on imaging stiudies used go evaluate symptoms for often unrelated conditionsSeveral studies are used to diagnose kidney cancer.IVP with nephrotomography is the primary examination by which most masses are detected and evaluated.Ultrasound examinations have improved the ability to differentiate between a solid mass .Angiography ,percutaneous needle aspiration ,CT and MRI are also used in the diagnosis of renal tumors.Radionucleide isotope scanning is used to detect masses.

The treatment of choice is a radical nephrectomy for patients with stage1 or 2 tumors and selected stage 3 tumors.it can be performed by the standard open approach or laparoscopically. Radical nephrectomy is the removal of kidney ,adrenal gland,surrounding fascia,part of the ureter and draining lymph nodes.Radiation therapy is used palliatively in inoperable cases and when there are metastases to bones or lungs.Chemotherapy using 5-Fluorouracil ,floxuridine and gemcitabine is used to treat metastaic disease.Biologic therapy ,including alpha-interferon and interleukin is used in the treatment of metastatic disease.Targeted therapy including sunitinib is used to treat metastatic kidney cancer.Patients with early end stage kidney cancer can expect a 60% to 70% 5-year suvival after undergoing radical nephrectomy .THe 5-year survival rate for patients with metastaic disease is only3% to 10% at 5 years.However,patients with metastaic disease often remain stable for a prolonged period of time.